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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

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Published on: January 26, 2024

Timescapes of non-human experience.

Ishan Singhal1, Jonathan Birch2, Anil K Seth3

  • 1Sussex Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH, Brighton, UK; School of Engineering and Informatics, University of Sussex, BN1 9RH, Brighton, UK.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|June 17, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Investigating non-human experiences scientifically is challenging. This review proposes studying the temporal structure, or

Keywords:
Umweltsanimal consciousnessdynamics of attentionperceptual illusionstime-consciousness

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Area of Science:

  • Comparative psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Animal behavior

Background:

  • Investigating non-human subjective experiences scientifically presents challenges due to sensory and consciousness differences.
  • Understanding animal consciousness requires novel empirical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a framework for scientifically investigating the temporal structure ('timescape') of non-human animal experiences.
  • To lay the groundwork for a research program comparing animal temporal Umwelts.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptualizing animal timescapes using five key, experimentally testable temporal windows.
  • Analyzing existing evidence across species to identify variations in temporal experiences.
  • Utilizing temporal illusions and experimental paradigms to probe perceptual timing.

Main Results:

  • Perceptual content is governed by temporal principles: synchronization, revision, and persistence.
  • These principles are influenced by attentional windows and content stability.
  • Evidence suggests significant variation in timescapes across different animal species.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework offers a testable approach to studying animal temporal experience.
  • Comparing animal timescapes can advance our understanding of non-human consciousness.
  • This research program opens new avenues for empirical investigation into animal minds.