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Swedish SDQ Norms for Internalizing and Externalizing Problems in Preschoolers.

Anton Dahlberg¹, Anna Sarkadi¹, Raziye Salari^1,2

¹Child Health and Parenting (CHAP), Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology

|June 17, 2026

Summary

New research provides essential percentile cutoffs for the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) in Swedish preschoolers. These findings enhance the assessment of internalizing and externalizing behaviors in young children.

Keywords:

Sweden mental health norms preschool children psychometrics strengths and difficulties questionnaire

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Area of Science:

Child Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Pediatric Mental Health

Background:

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) is a key tool for child mental health assessment.
Existing Swedish SDQ norms lack percentile cutoffs for composite internalizing and externalizing scales in preschoolers.
Accurate normative data is crucial for reliable screening and research in early childhood.

Purpose of the Study:

To establish population-based percentile cutoffs for the SDQ's internalizing and externalizing scales in Swedish preschool children.
To extend existing Swedish SDQ norms to include composite scale data for ages 3-5 years.
To provide data for improved clinical screening and research on preschooler mental health.

Main Methods:

Utilized a large, population-based sample of 3-5-year-old children from Uppsala County.
Collected ratings from both parents and preschool teachers.
Calculated percentile cutoffs (80th and 90th) for internalizing and externalizing scores by age, gender, and rater.

Main Results:

New percentile cutoffs for composite SDQ scales were generated for Swedish preschoolers.
Teacher ratings yielded consistently lower cutoff values than parent ratings.
Girls generally exhibited lower cutoff values than boys across most age groups and scales.
A slight trend of decreasing cutoff scores with increasing age was observed.

Conclusions:

These findings provide crucial normative data for the SDQ's composite scales in Swedish preschoolers.
The new cutoffs facilitate more comprehensive clinical screening and research applications of the SDQ in early childhood.
This study enhances the utility of the SDQ for assessing young children's mental health in Sweden.