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Related Concept Videos

Classification of Bones01:18

Classification of Bones

The bones of the human skeletal system are of varied shapes, sizes, and functions. They can be classified based on their shape and function into four major classes: long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones. Some classifications include a fifth type, the sesamoid bones, as a separate class, whereas others categorize them under short bones.
Long and Short Bones
The appendicular skeleton, particularly the upper and lower limbs, is primarily made of long and short bones. The long...
Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius01:09

Bones of the Upper Limb: Radius

The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
The radius has a nail-shaped head, and a short...
Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...

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Updated: Jun 19, 2026

Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population

Published on: January 31, 2025

Generalizable framework for multi-site bone density prediction using non-dominant wrist optical biomarkers.

Wei-Chun Chang1,2, Takhellambam Gautam Meitei1, Yi-Min Wang1

  • 1Biomedical Optical Intelligent Lab, Department of Photonics, College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Biomedical Optics Express
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Intelligent optical bone densitometry (iOBD) using near-infrared wrist imaging offers a radiation-free method to assess bone mineral density (BMD). This non-invasive technique shows promise for identifying individuals needing further osteoporosis screening.

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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

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Cortical Bone Assessment Using Ultrasonic Guided Waves: A Reproducibility Study in a Healthy Population
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Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Radiology
  • Machine Learning

Background:

  • Osteoporosis is a prevalent skeletal disorder marked by low bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk, especially in aging individuals.
  • Current standard screening methods like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) involve radiation exposure and can be costly and time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a machine learning framework for intelligent optical bone densitometry (iOBD) using near-infrared (NIR) wrist imaging.
  • To establish iOBD as a non-invasive, radiation-free alternative for preliminary osteoporosis screening.

Main Methods:

  • NIR wrist images were acquired using six configurations (3 wavelengths x bilateral wrists).
  • The optimal configuration (940 nm, left wrist) was selected based on tissue penetration and reduced variability.
  • Features from NIR images (VGG16 network) and physiological data were used to predict BMD at five DXA sites.
  • Model performance was evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and correlation coefficient (r).

Main Results:

  • The VGG16 + KNN model achieved an 8.5% MAPE and r=0.718 for BMD prediction at the one-third distal radius.
  • Prediction accuracy decreased at more distant skeletal sites (spine: r=0.460, femur: r<0.15), with reduced performance in elderly subjects.
  • The iOBD framework demonstrated feasibility for radiation-free BMD assessment.

Conclusions:

  • Intelligent optical bone densitometry (iOBD) using NIR wrist imaging shows potential as a radiation-free triage tool in primary care.
  • This method can help identify patients who require confirmatory DXA scans, potentially reducing costs and scan times.
  • Further research is needed to optimize performance at various skeletal sites and in diverse populations.