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Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome

Karen M Dwyer1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Penelope E Figtree1,2,3,4,5,6,7, Katie Oetsch1,2,3,4,5,6,7

  • 1The Royal Melbourne Hospital.

Australian Prescriber
|June 18, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome links metabolic, kidney, and heart diseases. Early identification and lifestyle changes, alongside targeted medications, can help manage CKM syndrome and potentially achieve remission.

Area of Science:

  • Internal Medicine
  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a growing health concern, linking metabolic disorders (obesity, diabetes, NAFLD), chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease.
  • While genetic factors play a role, social determinants and individual behaviors significantly influence CKM syndrome development.
  • Key pathophysiological mechanisms include insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and vascular dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome and its interconnectedness.
  • To highlight the role of biomarkers like urinary albumin:creatinine ratio in CKM syndrome management.
  • To discuss prevention strategies and therapeutic interventions for CKM syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CKM syndrome pathophysiology, risk factors, and management.
  • Analysis of the utility of urinary albumin:creatinine ratio as a biomarker.
  • Evaluation of current and emerging pharmacological treatments and lifestyle interventions.

Main Results:

  • CKM syndrome is prevalent and multifactorial, influenced by genetics, environment, and behavior.
  • Urinary albumin:creatinine ratio serves as an accessible biomarker for disease identification and monitoring.
  • Lifestyle modifications and pharmacotherapies offer reno- and cardio-protective benefits.

Conclusions:

  • CKM syndrome requires a holistic, life-course approach to prevention and management.
  • Integrated strategies involving lifestyle, medication, and monitoring are crucial for improving outcomes.
  • Remission of CKM syndrome may be achievable with comprehensive interventions.

Keywords:
Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndromecardiovascular diseasechronic kidney diseaseheart failuremetabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver diseaseobesitytype 2 diabetes

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