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Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

Traumatic Brain Injury l: Introduction

DefinitionTraumatic brain injury, or TBI, is a disturbance of normal brain function induced by an external mechanical force, such as a direct blow to the head or a penetrating injury. It can affect both brain structure and function, producing a wide range of clinical outcomes. TBI is a heterogeneous condition, meaning its effects may differ based on the type, location, and severity of the injury.Basis of ClassificationTBI is classified based on severity, injury mechanism, or pathophysiology. In...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

System for Focal, Closed-System Central Nervous System Injury

Published on: November 29, 2024

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Subsequent Musculoskeletal Injury in US Service Members.

Alexander Ivan B Posis^1,2, Amy Silder^1,3, James M Zouris⁴

¹Warfighter Performance Department, Naval Health Research Center, San Diego, California.

JAMA Network Open

|June 18, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) increases the risk of musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) in US service members. This risk applies to both males and females, highlighting the need for awareness and management strategies.

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Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

Military medicine
Neurology
Orthopedics

Background:

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is a known risk factor for musculoskeletal injuries (MSKI).
The association between mTBI and subsequent MSKI in US service members (SMs) with extended follow-up requires further investigation.
Understanding potential sex-based differences in this association is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the association between mTBI and the risk of subsequent MSKI in a large cohort of US SMs.
To examine whether this association differs between male and female SMs over an extended follow-up period.

Main Methods:

A cohort study design was employed, including SMs with mTBI and propensity score-matched controls from 2016-2020.
Medical records were utilized to identify mTBI and MSKI events using ICD-10 codes.
Cox proportional hazards and Aalen additive hazards models were used to analyze associations, with adjustments for demographic and military-relevant factors. Sex as a moderator was also tested.

Main Results:

mTBI was significantly associated with an increased hazard of subsequent MSKI on both relative (HR=2.24) and absolute scales (258 additional events per 100,000 person-days).
While female SMs exhibited a higher hazard of MSKI overall, the association between mTBI and MSKI did not significantly differ by sex (P interaction=0.37).
Specific hazard ratios for mTBI associated with MSKI were 2.28 for females and 2.20 for males.

Conclusions:

mTBI is linked to a substantially higher risk of subsequent MSKI in US SMs.
The findings underscore the importance of considering MSKI risk in individuals with a history of mTBI.
These results can aid in patient counseling regarding MSKI risk following mTBI, irrespective of sex.