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First steps towards distinguishing Mediterranean vegetation root marks on bones: An experimental approach
Alba Macho-Callejo1,2,3,4, Dores Marin-Monfort2,5,6, Aida Gutiérrez2,4,7
1Departamento de Biodiversidad, Ecología y Evolución, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
Plos One
|June 18, 2026
Summary
Plant roots leave unique marks on buried bones, aiding identification of plant types and burial conditions. This study details root-bone interactions for archaeological and forensic insights.
Area of Science:
- Taphonomy
- Forensic Anthropology
- Paleontology
Background:
- Root-bone interactions are common but poorly understood.
- Lack of controlled studies limits diagnostic value of root marks.
- Potential information on burial environments is overlooked.
Purpose of the Study:
- Document root-induced bone modifications under natural conditions.
- Identify plant-specific root mark signatures.
- Enhance taphonomic interpretations in various scientific fields.
Main Methods:
- Experimental burial of deer ribs in central Spain.
- Exposure to holm oak, olive, and grapevine roots.
- Analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Main Results:
- Distinct root engraving patterns identified for each plant type.
- Holm oak: sinuous, dendritic grooves. Olive: shallow, rectilinear markings. Grapevine: linear-to-circular engravings with cracking.
- Mark intensity correlated with burial depth and duration.
Conclusions:
- Root marks provide plant-specific signatures.
- Offers a novel method for recognizing plant activity in burial sites.
- Improves understanding of taphonomic processes and burial environments.
