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Related Concept Videos

The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.Generally, predictions are tested using carefully-designed experiments. Based on the outcome of these...
The Scientific Method02:40

The Scientific Method

Research is what makes the difference between facts and opinions. Facts are observable realities, and opinions are personal judgments, conclusions, or attitudes that may or may not be accurate. In the scientific community, facts can be established only using evidence collected through empirical research.
Free Energy01:21

Free Energy

Free energy—abbreviated as G for the scientist Gibbs who discovered it—is a measurement of useful energy that can be extracted from a reaction to do work. It is the energy in a chemical reaction that is available after entropy is accounted for. Reactions that take in energy are considered endergonic and reactions that release energy are exergonic. Plants carry out endergonic reactions by taking in sunlight and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen. Animals, in turn, break down the...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Keystone Species01:39

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ecological community’s structure. Many factors affect community structure, including abiotic factors (e.g., sunlight and nutrients), disturbances (e.g., fire or flood), species interactions (e.g., predation or competition), and chance events (e.g., foreign species invasion). Certain species—such as keystone species—also play a pivotal role in the...
Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.

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The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology
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The Use of Chemostats in Microbial Systems Biology

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    This summary is machine-generated.

    This collection presents key scientific discoveries from the Science family of journals. Explore groundbreaking research across various scientific disciplines.

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    Area of Science:

    • This content covers a broad spectrum of scientific disciplines, including biology, physics, chemistry, and environmental science.

    Background:

    • The Science family of journals is a leading publisher of high-impact scientific research.
    • These highlights showcase significant advancements and breakthroughs.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a curated overview of notable research published across the Science journals.
    • To disseminate important scientific findings to a wider audience.

    Main Methods:

    • No specific methods are detailed as this is a compilation of highlights.
    • Content is selected based on its impact and significance within its respective field.

    Main Results:

    • Features diverse research findings, from fundamental scientific principles to applied innovations.
    • Showcases advancements in areas such as genetics, materials science, and climate change research.

    Conclusions:

    • The highlights underscore the dynamic and evolving nature of scientific inquiry.
    • These selected studies represent significant contributions to their fields and the broader scientific community.