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Related Concept Videos

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV01:23

Acute Respiratory Failure-IV

Respiratory failure can manifest suddenly or gradually, characterized by a rapid decline in PaO2 and a rapid rise in PaCO2. This situation indicates a severe respiratory problem that may quickly become a life-threatening emergency. One of the early signs of hypoxemic Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF) is a change in mental status due to the brain's sensitivity to oxygen levels and changes in acid-base balance. Symptoms such as restlessness, confusion, and agitation suggest inadequate oxygen...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles01:30

Assessment of Airway, Skin Color, and Use of Accessory Muscles

A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
Introduction
The initial evaluation of a patient's respiratory system...
Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology01:10

Atelectasis II: Pathophysiology

Atelectasis develops when alveoli lose their air and collapse inward. Because lung tissue is naturally elastic, these air sacs shrink rather than remaining open. Collapsed alveoli are no longer ventilated, reducing their role in gas exchange. Blood flow may continue in these regions, creating a ventilation–perfusion mismatch. Clinical findings include decreased breath sounds, dullness to percussion, reduced chest expansion, and decreased tactile fremitus as sound transmission through collapsed...
Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Measuring Diaphragm Thickness and Function Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound
05:51

Measuring Diaphragm Thickness and Function Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound

Published on: November 3, 2023

Diaphragm and Skeletal Muscle Changes During Intensive Care: Association With Patient Outcomes (DRASTIC):

George Ntoumenopoulos1,2, Louise Hansell3,4, Selina M Parry5

  • 1Physiotherapy Department, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.

Physiotherapy Research International : the Journal for Researchers and Clinicians in Physical Therapy
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Diaphragm excursion and muscle strength measured early in intensive care unit (ICU) admission may predict patient length of stay. Early assessment of diaphragm function could aid in managing mechanical ventilation duration and improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:
diaphragmfunctional outcomesintensive caremuscleultrasound

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Pulmonology
  • Physical Therapy

Background:

  • Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) and diaphragm dysfunction prolong mechanical ventilation.
  • Early identification of factors contributing to weakness is crucial for patient recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between diaphragm and quadriceps muscle ultrasound measures and patient outcomes.
  • To determine if diaphragm excursion and thickness correlate with mechanical ventilation duration and ICU length of stay.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective cohort study in a mixed medical-surgical ICU.
  • Ultrasound measurements of diaphragm and rectus femoris/vastus intermedius thickness were performed.
  • Manual muscle strength (MRC-SS) and mobility scores were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Reduced rectus femoris and vastus intermedius thickness observed from ICU admission to ventilator liberation.
  • Diaphragm muscle thickness changes varied post-liberation.
  • ICU discharge MRC-SS and initial diaphragm excursion were associated with ICU length of stay (LOS).

Conclusions:

  • Diaphragm excursion and muscle strength on ICU admission may predict ICU length of stay.
  • Further research is warranted to establish the prognostic value of these early measures.