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Related Concept Videos

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor01:31

Dielectric Polarization in a Capacitor

The presence of a dielectric medium in a capacitor not only changes the voltage and capacitance but also affects the electric field. In general, dielectrics can be of two types: polar and nonpolar. In a polar dielectric, the positive and negative charges in the molecules are separated by a distance and hence have a permanent dipole moment. In contrast, no such charge separation exists in a nonpolar dielectric, however the nonpolar molecules get polarized in the presence of an external electric...
Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
Induced Electric Dipoles01:28

Induced Electric Dipoles

A permanent electric dipole orients itself along an external electric field. This rotation can be quantified by defining the potential energy because the external torque does work in rotating it. Then, the potential energy is minimum at the parallel configuration and maximum at the antiparallel configuration. While the former is a stable equilibrium, the latter is an unstable equilibrium.
Since the absolute value of potential energy holds no physical meaning, its zero value can be chosen as per...
Ferromagnetism01:31

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...
Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics01:27

Electrostatic Boundary Conditions in Dielectrics

When an electric field passes from one homogeneous medium to another, crossing the boundary between the two mediums imparts a discontinuity in the electric field. This results in electrostatic boundary conditions that depend on the type of mediums the field propagates through.
Consider a case where both the mediums across a boundary are two different dielectric materials. Recall that the electric field and electric displacement are proportional and related through the material's permittivity.
Potential Due to a Magnetized Object01:24

Potential Due to a Magnetized Object

Magnetic dipoles in magnetic materials are aligned when placed under an external magnetic field. For paramagnets and ferromagnets, dipole alignment occurs in the direction of the magnetic field. However, the dipoles align opposite to the field in the case of diamagnets. This state of magnetic polarization due to the external field is called magnetization. Magnetization is defined as the dipole moment per unit volume. It plays a similar role to polarization in electrostatics.
The vector...

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals
07:03

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Published on: August 15, 2018

Polarization Dynamics in Ferroelectrics: Insights Enabled by Machine Learning Molecular Dynamics.

Dongyu Bai1, Ri He2, Junxian Liu1

  • 1School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Machine-learning molecular dynamics (MLMD) enables accurate, large-scale simulations of ferroelectric materials. This approach overcomes limitations of traditional methods, paving the way for advanced ferroelectric electronics design.

Keywords:
domain wall motionferroelectric materialsmachine learning molecular dynamicspolarization switchingtopological polar textures

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Ferroelectric materials are crucial for non-volatile memories, transistors, sensors, and neuromorphic computing.
  • Understanding polarization dynamics and domain kinetics at the atomic level is essential for next-generation ferroelectric devices.
  • Experimental characterization at the atomic scale has limitations, necessitating advanced simulation techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the advantages of machine-learning molecular dynamics (MLMD) for simulating ferroelectric phenomena.
  • To provide a systematic overview of recent progress in MLMD for ferroelectric materials.
  • To discuss challenges and future directions for predictive MLMD frameworks in ferroelectrics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing machine-learning molecular dynamics (MLMD) to encode quantum-mechanical accuracy into force fields.
  • Enabling large-scale dynamic simulations with near first-principles fidelity.
  • Reviewing MLMD applications in simulating polarization switching, domain kinetics, and topological polar textures.

Main Results:

  • MLMD successfully simulates complex ferroelectric dynamics, including polarization switching and domain migration.
  • This approach offers a pathway to overcome the length and time scale limitations of first-principles calculations.
  • Recent advances show promise for simulating curvature-driven phenomena and multiferroic properties.

Conclusions:

  • MLMD is a powerful tool for understanding and designing ferroelectric and multiferroic materials.
  • Addressing challenges in long-range electrostatics, spin-lattice coupling, and data efficiency is key for predictive capabilities.
  • Future developments in MLMD are expected to accelerate the design of advanced ferroelectric electronic devices.