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High-Sensitivity Near-Infrared Upconversion Detector Using Hybrid Plasmonic-Photonic Structure.

Jianqing Cai1, Yunheng Wang1, Chuheng Fu2

  • 1School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel near-infrared (NIR) upconversion detector using UCNPs-PDMS microarrays with plasmonic and photonic elements. The enhanced detector significantly improves NIR imaging performance and detectivity for quantitative sensing applications.

Keywords:
microlens arraynear-infrared detectionoptical readoutplasmonic enhancementupconversion nanoparticles

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Optical Engineering

Background:

  • Near-infrared (NIR) upconversion detectors enable direct imaging by converting NIR light to visible emission, recordable by standard cameras.
  • Current detectors face limitations due to weak NIR absorption and nonlinear excitation dynamics, reducing conversion efficiency and device detectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a camera-readable NIR upconversion detector with enhanced performance.
  • To overcome the limitations of traditional lanthanide-doped upconversion detectors.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a UCNPs-PDMS microarray with cascaded plasmonic (Au nanorods) and photonic (microlens array) field-modulation elements.
  • Utilized nanoscale near-field amplification and light concentration to boost upconversion luminescence.

Main Results:

  • Achieved over 8-fold enhancement in raw upconversion luminescence.
  • Reduced noise-equivalent irradiance (NEI) from 83.98 to 0.674 mW·cm⁻².
  • Increased effective optical-readout specific detectivity from 2.17 × 10³ to 2.70 × 10⁵ Jones, a 124.6-fold improvement.

Conclusions:

  • The developed cascaded hybrid architecture significantly enhances NIR upconversion detector performance.
  • Demonstrated stable, quantitative optical-readout monitoring for time-lapse drying, validating its sensing capabilities.
  • The detector offers a promising solution for advanced NIR imaging and sensing applications.