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Updated: Jun 20, 2026
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A Preclinical Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Hemorrhage Contusion and Neuroinflammation
Published on: June 10, 2020
Traumatic retrobulbar hematoma: a European multicenter study
Paolo Boffano1, Anssi Lahtinen2, Matteo Brucoli3
1Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
Summary
Retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH) is a rare but serious eye injury. Intraconal location and other eye injuries predict poor outcomes, emphasizing the need for prompt diagnosis and tailored treatment.
Area of Science:
- Ophthalmology
- Trauma Surgery
- Emergency Medicine
Background:
- Retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH) is a vision-threatening emergency requiring immediate attention.
- Standardized treatment protocols and prognostic factors for RBH are currently lacking.
- This study addresses the need for better understanding and management of RBH.
Purpose of the Study:
- To identify prognostic factors for visual outcomes in posttraumatic retrobulbar hemorrhage.
- To analyze treatment modalities and their effectiveness in managing RBH.
- To improve clinical decision-making and patient management for RBH.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective multicenter study of 77 patients treated for posttraumatic RBH (2015-2024).
- Data collected included demographics, comorbidities, trauma details, clinical and imaging findings, and treatments.
- Visual outcomes were categorized as complete recovery, partial recovery, or blindness.
Main Results:
- Falls were the most common cause of injury; 61% had body injuries, 22% had ocular injuries.
- Extraconal RBH was more common than intraconal.
- Complete visual recovery was achieved in 51.9% of patients; intraconal RBH and associated ocular injury predicted poorer outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Retrobulbar hemorrhage is a rare maxillofacial trauma with potential for permanent vision loss.
- Intraconal RBH localization and concomitant ocular injury are key predictors of poor visual prognosis.
- Early recognition and individualized management are crucial for optimizing visual outcomes in RBH patients.