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Related Concept Videos

Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a polypeptide...
Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
Ligand Binding and Linkage00:49

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence the...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)
07:22

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)

Published on: January 12, 2024

How many protein pairs can we chemically target?

Maria J Falaguera1, Tudor I Oprea2, Jordi Mestres3

  • 1European Molecular Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, United Kingdom; Open Targets, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.

Drug Discovery Today
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

New research identifies over 71,000 protein pairs that are chemically targeted or targetable by drugs. This catalog aids in designing novel dual-action drugs by revealing opportunities for multi-target therapeutic strategies.

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A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation
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A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Published on: September 24, 2012

Biosensor-based High Throughput Biopanning and Bioinformatics Analysis Strategy for the Global Validation of Drug-protein Interactions
08:31

Biosensor-based High Throughput Biopanning and Bioinformatics Analysis Strategy for the Global Validation of Drug-protein Interactions

Published on: December 1, 2020

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)
07:22

The Development and Application of Biophysical Assays for Evaluating Ternary Complex Formation Induced by Proteolysis Targeting Chimeras (PROTACS)

Published on: January 12, 2024

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation
14:44

A Protocol for the Identification of Protein-protein Interactions Based on 15N Metabolic Labeling, Immunoprecipitation, Quantitative Mass Spectrometry and Affinity Modulation

Published on: September 24, 2012

Biosensor-based High Throughput Biopanning and Bioinformatics Analysis Strategy for the Global Validation of Drug-protein Interactions
08:31

Biosensor-based High Throughput Biopanning and Bioinformatics Analysis Strategy for the Global Validation of Drug-protein Interactions

Published on: December 1, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biochemistry
  • Drug Discovery

Background:

  • Drugs often interact with multiple targets, both intended and unintended.
  • Multi-target drugs are increasingly approved, accounting for ~20% of new drugs in the last 25 years.
  • Understanding drug-target interactions is crucial for therapeutic development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To catalogue chemically targeted and targetable protein pairs.
  • To identify opportunities for designing novel dual-action drugs.
  • To explore co-expressed and phylogenetically related protein combinations.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing drug-target interaction databases.
  • Identification of co-expressed protein pairs.
  • Assessment of phylogenetic relationships between proteins.
  • Filtering for pairs with known drugs or bioactive ligands, and those with potential.

Main Results:

  • A catalogue of 64,222 chemically targeted protein pairs was identified.
  • An additional 7,253 potentially targetable protein pairs were discovered.
  • These pairs represent 5% of all co-expressed dual protein combinations with known ligands.

Conclusions:

  • The compiled catalogue provides extensive opportunities for designing future dual-action drugs.
  • This resource can guide systematic development of therapeutics targeting multiple proteins.
  • The findings highlight the potential for novel drug discovery through multi-target strategies.