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Related Concept Videos

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate01:25

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate

The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a critical indicator of kidney health, reflecting how well the kidneys filter blood. Changes in GFR can signal potential kidney impairment, necessitating accurate measurement methods to monitor kidney function effectively.Various molecules can serve as markers for GFR measurement, with the ideal marker meeting several specific criteria. It must freely filter at the glomerulus, avoid reabsorption or secretion by the renal tubules, remain unmetabolized, not...
Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration01:28

Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate Based on Serum Creatinine Concentration

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) can be estimated from serum creatinine using the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula or the chronic kidney disease–epidemiology collaboration (CKD–EPI) equation. Both methods are widely used in clinical practice to assess kidney function and guide treatment decisions.The MDRD equation does not require weight or height measurements and is normalized to the body surface area of 1.73 m², considered the average adult surface area. This equation is...
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Drug Dosing in Renal Diseases: Measurement of Serum Creatinine Concentration and Clearance

In healthy individuals, serum creatinine levels remain stable due to a balance between its constant production—primarily from muscle metabolism—and renal excretion. Creatinine is freely filtered by the glomeruli, making it a valuable marker for estimating renal function. When the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decreases, the kidneys can only eliminate less creatinine, causing serum levels to rise.Serum creatinine concentration is widely used to estimate creatinine clearance (Clcr), a...
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Gentamicin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic, is commonly administered via intermittent intravenous infusion to treat severe infections. An intermittent one-hour infusion of gentamicin, administered at eight-hour intervals, allows for precise control of plasma drug concentrations, minimizing toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy. Pharmacokinetic principles govern the dynamics of plasma concentrations and can be mathematically described using specific equations.The plasma drug concentration...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration01:02

Renal Drug Excretion: Glomerular Filtration

The kidney serves as the primary organ responsible for eliminating drugs and their metabolites from the body. This process, known as renal elimination, starts with glomerular filtration and results in urine formation. Each kidney houses millions of functional units called nephrons, where urine production occurs. A nephron has two main components: a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.
Drugs gain access to the kidney via the renal artery, which progressively branches off into afferent arterioles.

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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Transdermal Measurement of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Mechanically Ventilated Piglets
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Published on: September 13, 2022

Pediatric Reference Ranges for Glomerular Filtration Rate Determined by a Single Injection of 99mTc-DTPA.

Katherine A Zukotynski1,2,3, Frederick D Grant4, Leanne Du5

  • 1Department of Medical Imaging, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; katherine.zukotynski@utoronto.ca.

Journal of Nuclear Medicine : Official Publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study establishes pediatric reference ranges for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using 99mTc-DTPA. GFR increases with age, reflecting renal mass, with rapid development in the first year and stabilization around age 10.

Keywords:
99mTc-DTPAglomerular filtration ratepediatric reference rangesrenal functionsingle-injection technique

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

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07:41

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Published on: September 13, 2022

Physiology Lab Demonstration: Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Rat
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Published on: July 26, 2015

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nephrology
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Renal Physiology

Background:

  • Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) assessment is crucial for evaluating renal function.
  • Established pediatric GFR reference ranges using 99mTc-DTPA are lacking.
  • Accurate GFR measurement is vital for pediatric patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish well-defined pediatric reference ranges for GFR.
  • To analyze GFR trends in children and young adults using 99mTc-DTPA.
  • To correlate GFR with age and body surface area in a pediatric cohort.

Main Methods:

  • GFR was calculated for 235 subjects (20 days to 24.8 years) using 99mTc-DTPA.
  • A single-compartment model with serial blood sampling (2, 3, 4 hours post-injection) was employed.
  • Data were normalized to a body surface area of 1.73 m² to establish 95% reference ranges.

Main Results:

  • GFR demonstrated a positive correlation with age, indicating increased functional renal mass.
  • Children under 1 year showed lower normalized GFR, suggesting renal immaturity.
  • GFR levels reached adult norms by approximately 2 years of age and stabilized by 10 years.

Conclusions:

  • 99mTc-DTPA single injection provides a reliable method for assessing pediatric GFR.
  • GFR increases with age in children, reflecting renal growth and maturation.
  • Specific GFR trajectories were identified for infants, young children, and adolescents.