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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Single-Molecule Measurement of Protein Interaction Dynamics Within Biomolecular Condensates
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Phase-Separated Condensates of Atomically Precise Nanoclusters Enable Direct Visualization of Nano-Bio Interactions.

Arun Mukhopadhyay1,2, Komal Kumari3, Debkumar Bera1,2

  • 1Materials Chemistry & Interfacial Engineering Department, CSIR-Institute of Minerals and Materials Technology, Bhubaneswar 751013, Odisha, India.

ACS Nano
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary

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Atomically precise gold nanoclusters, Au22(SG)18, mimic biological liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) under crowding conditions. These nanoparticle condensates offer new tools for studying cellular organization and nanobio interactions.

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is crucial for cellular organization, forming membrane-less organelles (MLOs).
  • Replicating LLPS in synthetic inorganic systems is a significant materials science challenge.
  • Intrinsically disordered proteins are key players in biological LLPS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate LLPS in atomically precise gold nanoclusters.
  • To investigate the formation and properties of nanoparticle condensates.
  • To explore the potential of gold nanoclusters as analogues for studying biomolecular LLPS.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of atomically precise gold nanoclusters: Au22(SG)18.
  • Induction of LLPS using macromolecular crowders like poly(ethylene glycol).
Keywords:
FRAPliquid−liquid phase separationmetal nanoclustersnanobio interactionsnanoparticle condensates

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  • Characterization using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP).

    • Main Results:

    • Au22(SG)18 nanoclusters undergo LLPS, forming "nanoparticle condensates" with aggregation-induced emission.
    • These condensates exhibit liquid-like dynamicity, reversibility, and can be visualized in real-time.
    • Au22(SG)18 demonstrates varied phase behaviors with different proteins, including heterotypic LLPS with BSA.

    Conclusions:

    • Atomically precise nanoclusters can emulate biomolecular LLPS, providing synthetic analogues for cellular organization studies.
    • Nanoparticle condensates offer a tunable platform for investigating nanobio interactions.
    • This work opens avenues for using luminescent nanoclusters in biophysical research.