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Related Concept Videos

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:24

Reduction of Alkynes to cis-Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Introduction
Like alkenes, alkynes can be reduced to alkanes in the presence of transition metal catalysts such as Pt, Pd, or Ni. The reaction involves two sequential syn additions of hydrogen via a cis-alkene intermediate.
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation02:17

Reduction of Alkenes: Asymmetric Catalytic Hydrogenation

Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation02:47

Alkynes to Aldehydes and Ketones: Hydroboration-Oxidation

Introduction
One of the convenient methods for the preparation of aldehydes and ketones is via hydration of alkynes. Hydroboration-oxidation of alkynes is an indirect hydration reaction in which an alkyne is treated with borane followed by oxidation with alkaline peroxide to form an enol that rapidly converts into an aldehyde or a ketone. Terminal alkynes form aldehydes, whereas internal alkynes give ketones as the final product.
Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process01:27

Benzene to Phenol via Cumene: Hock Process

The synthesis of phenol from benzene via cumene and cumene hydroperoxide is called the Hock process. First, a Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of benzene with propene gives cumene. Then cumene forms cumene hydroperoxide via a radical chain reaction. In the chain initiation step, the benzylic hydrogen is abstracted to give a benzylic radical. In the chain propagation step, the benzylic radical reacts with an oxygen diradical to form a cumene hydroperoxide radical. The cumene hydroperoxide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
11:33

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion

Published on: September 2, 2016

Process-separated cascade catalysis for highly efficient alkane-to-aromatic conversion.

Jianhua Cai1,2, Hui Xiao1,2, Qian Wang1,2

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University; Collaborative Innovation Center for Chemical Science & Engineering, Tianjin, 300072, China.

Nature Communications
|June 18, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Process-separated cascade catalysis (PSCC) efficiently converts light alkanes to valuable benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). This method decouples reaction steps, enhancing aromatic selectivity and catalytic stability for industrial applications.

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Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Published on: December 25, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Laboratory Production of Biofuels and Biochemicals from a Rapeseed Oil through Catalytic Cracking Conversion
11:33

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Published on: September 2, 2016

A Toolkit to Enable Hydrocarbon Conversion in Aqueous Environments
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Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
11:28

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Published on: December 25, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Catalysis Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Bifunctional catalysis is crucial for industrial processes but suffers from kinetic entanglement.
  • Converting light alkanes to aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene - BTX) is a key non-naphtha route.
  • Achieving high selectivity and conversion in alkane-to-aromatics conversion remains challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a process-separated cascade catalysis (PSCC) strategy for efficient BTX synthesis.
  • To prioritize kinetic decoupling over spatial intimacy in bifunctional catalytic systems.
  • To enhance BTX production by minimizing cracking by-products.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a spatially decoupled metal-zeolite catalyst.
  • Employed continuous reaction-regeneration cycles at 550°C.
  • Conducted in situ spectroscopies and kinetics analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved >95% propane conversion and 82.3% aromatic selectivity.
  • Demonstrated near-exclusive BTX formation.
  • Identified PSCC's decoupling of alkane dehydrogenation and synchronization of subsequent reactions.

Conclusions:

  • PSCC strategy effectively decouples reaction kinetics for enhanced BTX production.
  • The method offers high catalytic stability and robust performance.
  • This approach provides a viable pathway for alkane-to-BTX conversion and advanced bifunctional catalysis.