Related Experiment Videos

Mortality patterns of the ten leading causes of cardiovascular diseases in Northern Iran: a joinpoint regression

Sara Khaleghi1, Sajad Khodabandelu1, Maryam Nabati2

  • 1Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Postal Code, Sari, 48175-866, Iran.

BMC Public Health
|June 19, 2026
PubMed

Insights

Cardiovascular disease mortality in northern Iran saw a modest decline over 13 years, with a temporary increase during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prevention efforts should target ischemic heart disease, hypertension, older adults, and men.

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading global and Iranian cause of death, especially in northern regions.
  • Understanding long-term CVD mortality trends is crucial for public health policy in aging populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze long-term cardiovascular disease mortality trends in northern Iran from 2011 to 2023.
  • To identify specific CVDs, demographic groups, and time periods requiring targeted public health interventions.

Main Methods:

  • Population-based retrospective study using mortality data from 2011-2023 in Mazandaran province, Iran.
  • Calculated age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR) per 100,000 population using the 2013 European standard.
  • Employed Joinpoint regression to analyze mortality trends, calculating annual percent change (APC) and average annual percent change (AAPC).

Main Results:

  • Overall ASMR decreased from 173.7 to 167.3 per 100,000 (AAPC: -0.85%).
  • A significant decline occurred from 2011-2018, followed by a non-significant increase (2018-2021), and a sharp decline (2021-2023).
  • Ischemic heart disease and hypertensive diseases were the leading causes; mortality rates were higher in men.

Conclusions:

  • Northern Iran experienced a modest overall decline in CVD mortality, with a notable pandemic-related increase.
  • Targeted prevention strategies are needed for ischemic heart disease, hypertensive diseases, older adults, and men.
  • Public health policies must adapt to evolving CVD mortality patterns in the region.
Abstract

Keywords:
Age-standardized mortality rateCardiovascular diseaseIranIschemic heart diseaseJoinpoint regressionMortality trends

Related Concept Videos

Cancer Survival Analysis01:21

Cancer Survival Analysis

Cancer survival analysis focuses on quantifying and interpreting the time from a key starting point, such as diagnosis or the initiation of treatment, to a specific endpoint, such as remission or death. This analysis provides critical insights into treatment effectiveness and factors that influence patient outcomes, helping to shape clinical decisions and guide prognostic evaluations. A cornerstone of oncology research, survival analysis tackles the challenges of skewed, non-normally...
Introduction To Survival Analysis01:18

Introduction To Survival Analysis

Survival analysis is a statistical method used to study time-to-event data, where the "event" might represent outcomes like death, disease relapse, system failure, or recovery. A unique feature of survival data is censoring, which occurs when the event of interest has not been observed for some individuals during the study period. This requires specialized techniques to handle incomplete data effectively.
The primary goal of survival analysis is to estimate survival time—the time until a...
Actuarial Approach01:20

Actuarial Approach

The actuarial approach, a statistical method originally developed for life insurance risk assessment, is widely used to calculate survival rates in clinical and population studies. This method accounts for participants lost to follow-up or those who die from causes unrelated to the study, ensuring a more accurate representation of survival probabilities.
Consider the example of a high-risk surgical procedure with significant early-stage mortality. A two-year clinical study is conducted,...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data01:23

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System I: Subjective Data

A thorough health history and physical assessment are essential for identifying cardiovascular disease (CVD) symptoms and distinguishing them from other health issues.
Initial Enquiry
Ask the patient about their primary concern and thoroughly explore all reported symptoms.
Medical History
Investigate past illnesses affecting the cardiovascular system, such as angina, anemia, rheumatic fever, congenital heart disease, stroke, thrombophlebitis, dysrhythmias, varicosities
Inquire about symptoms...
Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness, disability,...
Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures01:26

Coronary Artery Disease IV: Preventive Measures

Effective preventive measures for coronary artery disease (CAD) focus on controlling modifiable risk factors, including cholesterol abnormalities and lifestyle changes.Cholesterol ManagementFirst, the Mediterranean diet and the American Heart Association advocate for maintaining low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels below 100 mg/dL, with a more stringent recommendation of below 70 mg/dL for individuals at high risk. LDL cholesterol, often termed "bad cholesterol," can lead to the...