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Related Concept Videos

Candidiasis01:20

Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by opportunistic species of Candida. It can affect various anatomical sites, including the skin, oral cavity, nails, and genitourinary tract. Among its forms, vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of mucosal infection. It typically results from the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vaginal mucosa. Under normal conditions, C. albicans exists as a commensal organism within the vaginal microbiota, regulated by the dominance of lactobacilli, which...
Antifungal Agents01:15

Antifungal Agents

Amphotericin B is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that exploits structural differences between fungal and mammalian cell membranes. Its amphipathic structure—featuring a hydrophobic polyene-lactone ring and a hydrophilic region containing mycosamine and carboxylic acid groups—enables selective binding to ergosterol, a sterol predominantly found in fungal plasma membranes. This selective interaction underlies the drug’s antifungal activity, although weak binding to cholesterol contributes to...
Cryptococcal Meningitis01:27

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

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Related Experiment Video

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Utilizing the Antigen Capsid-Incorporation Strategy for the Development of Adenovirus Serotype 5-Vectored Vaccine Approaches
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Engineered HSP90-MP65 Bivalent Fusion Antigen: A Novel Vaccine Candidate Against Invasive Candidiasis.

Leszek Wawiórka1,2

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.

Proteins
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study engineered an optimized HSP90-MP65 fusion protein vaccine candidate for invasive candidiasis. This novel approach enhances antigen presentation for a more effective fungal pathogen defense.

Keywords:
Candida spp.HSP90MP65computer‐aided rational vaccine designdeep learningepitope predictionfusion antigenprotein engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Vaccinology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Invasive candidiasis is a major global health threat with high mortality.
  • Multidrug-resistant Candida strains require new antifungal strategies.
  • Subunit vaccines present a promising alternative to traditional antifungals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and optimize a novel bivalent fusion protein vaccine candidate against invasive candidiasis.
  • To create an engineered HSP90-MP65 fusion protein for enhanced antigen processing and presentation.
  • To develop a structure-guided approach for fungal pathogen vaccine design.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a computational framework including deep learning for structure prediction.
  • Performed consensus B-cell and T-cell epitope mapping.
  • Employed rational sequence optimization (ProteinMPNN) and biophysical characterization.
  • Conducted molecular docking and binding affinity predictions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed and optimized a lead HSP90-MP65 bivalent fusion protein candidate.
  • The lead candidate demonstrated preserved epitope accessibility and immunogenic features.
  • Confirmed maintained interactions with pattern recognition receptors and MHC molecules.
  • The engineered antigen is manufacturable with preserved immunostimulatory domains.

Conclusions:

  • A structure-based engineering approach can yield effective bivalent fusion protein vaccines.
  • The optimized HSP90-MP65 fusion protein shows potential as a vaccine against invasive candidiasis.
  • This study provides a blueprint for developing subunit vaccines against fungal pathogens.