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Updated: Jun 20, 2026

In Vivo Electrophysiological Measurement of the Rat Ulnar Nerve with Axonal Excitability Testing
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Concentric Versus Delta Bipolar Probes for Intraneural Fascicle Selection: A Rabbit Model Study.

Lucas Marina Ono1, Elisa Sanz2,3, Mario Arenillas4

  • 1From the Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
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This summary is machine-generated.

Delta probes offer superior reproducibility and consistent high responses for peripheral nerve surgery monitoring compared to concentric probes, which show variable results with increasing stimulus intensity.

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Neuromonitoring
  • Peripheral Nerve Surgery

Background:

  • Bipolar stimulating probes are essential for intraoperative monitoring in nerve surgery.
  • No prior studies have compared different bipolar probe types.
  • This study evaluates concentric versus Delta probes in a rabbit brachial plexus injury model.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of concentric and Delta bipolar probes.
  • To assess probe applicability for intraoperative neuromonitoring in peripheral nerve surgery.

Main Methods:

  • Compound muscle action potentials (CMAPs) were recorded from the biceps brachii in rabbits.
  • Stimulation of brachial plexus trunks was performed using concentric and Delta probes at varying intensities (0.2-3 mV).

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  • Correlation between stimulus intensity and CMAP amplitude, and interstimulus amplitude variability were analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • Delta probes demonstrated no significant correlation between stimulus intensity and CMAP amplitude (Spearman R=0.181, P=0.264).
    • Concentric probes showed a strong correlation between stimulus intensity and CMAP amplitude (Spearman R=0.74, P=0.001).
    • Delta probes exhibited significantly less variability (CV=0.01) compared to concentric probes (CV=0.1).

    Conclusions:

    • Delta probes provide highly reproducible, high-amplitude CMAP responses even with low stimulus intensities.
    • Concentric probes yield less reproducible responses with gradually increasing CMAP amplitudes as stimulus intensity rises.
    • Delta probes are recommended for consistent intraoperative neuromonitoring in peripheral nerve surgery.