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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
Vitamins01:30

Vitamins

Vitamins, derived from the Latin word for life, are essential organic substances required in small quantities for optimal growth and overall well-being. Unlike other organic nutrients, vitamins don't act as sources of energy or building materials but rather facilitate these nutrients' utilization by the body. Vitamins are predominantly coenzymes, assisting enzymes in specific chemical actions, like the oxidation of glucose for energy involving B vitamins. Most vitamins are not produced in our...
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever01:26

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) is a severe tick-borne illness caused by Rickettsia rickettsii, a Gram-negative, coccobacillary bacterium. This pathogen is an obligate intracellular parasite, requiring a host cell for replication. Transmission occurs through the bite of an infected tick. In the United States, the most important vectors are Dermacentor variabilis (American dog tick) and Dermacentor andersoni (Rocky Mountain wood tick), though other tick species may also serve as vectors.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Orthopaedist Beware: Severe Nutritional Rickets and Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Mohamed Said1, Alexandra Falkenberg1, Leila Alvandi1

  • 1Montefiore Einstein Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Bronx, NY, USA.

Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and selective diets are at high risk for nutritional rickets, especially in low-resource areas. Early detection through orthopaedic evaluation is crucial to prevent severe complications.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderFood selectivityHypocalcemiaNutritional ricketsSocioeconomic disadvantage (Child Opportunity Index)Vitamin D deficiency

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts
07:56

Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Orthopaedics
  • Nutritional Science
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) prevalence is rising, with many children exhibiting selective diets and food aversions.
  • These dietary patterns increase the risk of micronutrient deficiencies, particularly in low-resource settings.
  • Nutritional rickets has been observed in children and adolescents with ASD and restrictive diets at an urban tertiary pediatric center.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical, metabolic, and orthopaedic manifestations of nutritional rickets in pediatric patients with ASD.
  • To identify risk factors and presenting symptoms associated with nutritional rickets in this population.
  • To evaluate the outcomes of nutritional rickets management in children with ASD.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of pediatric and adolescent patients with ASD and symptomatic nutritional rickets (2019-2024).
  • Inclusion criteria: clinical, laboratory (vitamin D deficiency), and radiographic evidence of rickets.
  • Data collected: demographics, symptoms, diet, examination, labs, imaging, management, outcomes, and socioeconomic status (Child Opportunity Index).

Main Results:

  • Eleven patients (age 4-16) with severe vitamin D deficiency (<10 ng/mL) were identified; all resided in low socioeconomic opportunity neighborhoods.
  • Common presentations included musculoskeletal complaints (7/11), genu valgum, and hypocalcemic seizures (3/11).
  • Most patients improved with nutritional supplementation; however, severe complications like femoral neck fractures occurred, necessitating surgical intervention.

Conclusions:

  • Older children and adolescents with ASD and selective diets, especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods, are susceptible to severe nutritional rickets.
  • Presentations can range from gait changes and valgus deformity to hypocalcemic seizures, often first seen by orthopaedists.
  • Timely diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, focused dietary history, targeted lab testing, and radiographs to prevent morbidity.