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Related Concept Videos

Microbiome of the Eye01:22

Microbiome of the Eye

The human eye has a specialized microbiota that reflects its unique anatomical and immunological environment. This low-biomass microbial community predominantly colonizes the conjunctiva and eyelid margins, playing a vital role in ocular surface homeostasis and defense. Despite its proximity to the richly colonized facial skin, the ocular surface maintains a distinct microbial profile due to continuous mechanical and biochemical defense mechanisms.The conjunctival surface hosts fewer microbial...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...
Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract01:29

Microbiota of the Respiratory Tract

The human respiratory tract, comprising the upper and lower segments, serves as a critical interface with the external environment. The upper respiratory tract (URT)—including the nostrils, sinuses, pharynx, and oropharynx—is heavily colonized by microbes, while the lower respiratory tract (LRT), composed of the larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs, was long thought to be sterile. However, recent molecular studies have revealed that the lungs are not devoid of microbes but act more like...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction01:23

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease I: Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a common, preventable, and treatable respiratory disorder characterized by persistent symptoms and progressive airflow limitation. This limitation results from a combination of small-airway disease (obstructive bronchiolitis) and parenchymal destruction (emphysema), both driven by chronic inflammation from exposure to harmful particles or gases.The disease includes two main pathological entities: emphysema, marked by destruction of alveolar walls and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
09:50

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

Published on: February 12, 2015

Association between secondhand smoke exposure and ocular microbiome changes in children.

Qihang Sun1, Xiangtian Ling1, Yuzhou Zhang1

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.

Current Research in Microbial Sciences
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure significantly alters the ocular surface microbiome (OSM) in children, impacting microbial diversity and immune pathways. Minimizing SHS is crucial for protecting pediatric ocular health.

Keywords:
16S sequencingMicrobiomeSecondhand smoke

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Last Updated: Jun 20, 2026

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke
09:50

Impact Assessment of Repeated Exposure of Organotypic 3D Bronchial and Nasal Tissue Culture Models to Whole Cigarette Smoke

Published on: February 12, 2015

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System
06:07

Cigarette Smoke Exposure in Mice using a Whole-Body Inhalation System

Published on: October 22, 2020

Isolation of Mouse Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Exposure to Experimental Cigarette Smoke at Air Liquid Interface
10:47

Isolation of Mouse Respiratory Epithelial Cells and Exposure to Experimental Cigarette Smoke at Air Liquid Interface

Published on: February 21, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Environmental Health

Background:

  • The ocular surface microbiome (OSM) plays a role in maintaining ocular health.
  • Children are vulnerable to environmental exposures, including secondhand smoke (SHS).
  • The impact of SHS on the pediatric OSM is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of SHS exposure on the pediatric OSM.
  • To explore potential functional consequences of SHS-induced OSM alterations.

Main Methods:

  • 16S rRNA gene sequencing of conjunctival swabs from 432 children (111 SHS-exposed, 321 controls).
  • Analysis of microbial diversity (alpha and beta diversity) and taxonomic composition.
  • Prediction of functional pathways using PICRUSt2.

Main Results:

  • SHS-exposed children exhibited altered alpha and beta diversity of the OSM.
  • Controls showed enrichment of Lactobacillus and Rubellimicrobium; no taxa were enriched in SHS-exposed children.
  • Predicted functional pathways in SHS-exposed children included metabolism and immune signaling (e.g., complement activation, MAPK signaling).

Conclusions:

  • SHS exposure is associated with significant changes in pediatric OSM diversity and function.
  • These alterations involve pathways related to environmental stress and immune signaling.
  • Minimizing SHS exposure is vital for preserving children's ocular health.