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Related Concept Videos

Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Ionic Association01:28

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.
Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature02:54

Coordination Compounds and Nomenclature

In most main group element compounds, the valence electrons of the isolated atoms combine to form chemical bonds that satisfy the octet rule. For instance, the four valence electrons of carbon overlap with electrons from four hydrogen atoms to form CH4. The one valence electron leaves sodium and adds to the seven valence electrons of chlorine to form the ionic formula unit NaCl (Figure 1a). Transition metals do not normally bond in this fashion. They primarily form coordinate covalent bonds, a...
Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
Consider the Fe3+/Fe2+ half-reaction, which has a standard-state potential of +0.771 V. At potentials more positive than +0.771 V, Fe3+ predominates, whereas Fe2+...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery
08:18

Protocol of Electrochemical Test and Characterization of Aprotic Li-O2 Battery

Published on: July 12, 2016

Synergistic anion-cation descriptor for bidirectional electrocatalyst in Li-CO2 battery.

Xingwu Zhai1, Yuchun Liu1, Mi Luo2

  • 1Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China.

Science Advances
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new descriptor to optimize catalysts for lithium-carbon dioxide batteries. This approach enhances reactivity and stability by considering both anions and cations, achieving a record-low voltage gap.

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature
11:04

Synthesis of Ionic Liquid Based Electrolytes, Assembly of Li-ion Batteries, and Measurements of Performance at High Temperature

Published on: December 20, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Slow kinetics of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) nucleation/decomposition limit voltage gap minimization in Li-CO2 batteries.
  • Current catalyst design focuses on cations, overlooking anions' crucial role in reactivity and stability.
  • Anion degradation exacerbates the activity-stability trade-off in Li-CO2 systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel descriptor for synergistic anion-cation catalyst design in Li-CO2 batteries.
  • To investigate the role of anions as active participants in regulating charge and stabilizing intermediates.
  • To establish a predictive model linking catalyst properties to battery performance.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a dual Φ descriptor quantifying anion-cation orbital coupling and reconstruction energy.
  • Establishment of a volcano correlation between the descriptor and voltage gap in metal sulfides.
  • Synthesis of oriented tungsten disulfide (WS2) with specific C4v configurations.

Main Results:

  • The dual Φ descriptor successfully correlated with the voltage gap, identifying optimal symmetry-broken units.
  • Synthesized WS2 achieved a record-low voltage gap of 0.76 volts.
  • The optimized catalyst demonstrated superior cycling stability exceeding 1268 hours.

Conclusions:

  • Synergistic anion-cation design is superior to cation-only approaches for Li-CO2 batteries.
  • Anions act as co-catalytic architects, influencing charge regulation and intermediate stabilization.
  • The developed descriptor provides a universal framework for designing efficient and stable Li-CO2 batteries.