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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Sit-to-stand-and-walk from 120% Knee Height: A Novel Approach to Assess Dynamic Postural Control Independent of Lead-limb
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Age-related differences in sit-to-stand strategies: a multi-objective optimization simulation approach.

Shoma Kudo1, Akinori Nagano2, Takuma Inai1

  • 1Integrated Research Center for Self-Care Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa, Japan; Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Kagawa, Japan.

Journal of Biomechanics
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults use stabilization strategies during sit-to-stand (STS) due to age-related muscle changes, which limit their control over the center of mass (CoM). Younger adults exhibit more varied STS strategies, utilizing momentum transfer.

Keywords:
AdaptationMotor abundanceMotor controlPrioritizationStrategy selection

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Gerontology
  • Musculoskeletal modeling

Background:

  • Sit-to-stand (STS) is a crucial daily activity requiring coordinated control of stability, velocity, and muscle effort.
  • Aging alters STS strategies, with older adults (OA) favoring stabilization (Center of Mass [CoM] within Base of Support [BoS] before seat-off) and younger adults (YA) using momentum transfer (CoM posterior to BoS).
  • The primary drivers of these age-related strategy differences—muscle function decline versus altered CoM control prioritization—remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how age-related changes in muscle function influence sit-to-stand (STS) strategies using predictive musculoskeletal simulations.
  • To differentiate the roles of muscle function decline and CoM control prioritization in age-related STS strategy shifts.

Main Methods:

  • Predictive musculoskeletal simulations were employed to model both younger adult (YA) and older adult (OA) sit-to-stand (STS) movements.
  • Multi-objective optimization was used to determine muscle activation patterns that balanced achieving an upright posture, maximizing horizontal CoM distance from the Base of Support (BoS) at seat-off, and minimizing CoM velocity and muscle activation.
  • Analysis focused on the resulting Pareto front to compare CoM control strategies between YA and OA models.

Main Results:

  • The older adult (OA) model consistently maintained the Center of Mass (CoM) within the Base of Support (BoS) at seat-off, reflecting a stabilization strategy.
  • The younger adult (YA) model demonstrated flexibility, employing both stabilization and momentum-transfer strategies.
  • OA models exhibited significantly less variation in CoM position and velocity compared to YA models.

Conclusions:

  • Age-related declines in muscular function appear to constrain Center of Mass (CoM) control during sit-to-stand (STS).
  • This constraint restricts the range of feasible movement solutions for older adults, leading to a greater reliance on stabilization strategies.
  • The findings suggest that altered muscle function, rather than a change in control prioritization, is a key factor in the age-related shift in STS strategies.