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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to occupy...
Phase Transitions01:21

Phase Transitions

A phase transition is the process in which a substance changes from one state of matter to another, like from a solid to a liquid, liquid to gas, or vice versa, at a specific temperature and under given pressure conditions. This change is spontaneous and is affected by alterations in temperature and pressure. These parameters impact the strength of the forces between molecules (intermolecular forces) in the substance.During a phase transition, both the initial and final phases of the substance...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
Phase Diagram01:24

Phase Diagram

A phase diagram is a graphical representation of the physical states of a substance under different conditions of temperature and pressure. It shows the boundaries between solid, liquid, and gas phases and the conditions at which these phases coexist in equilibrium. An area in a phase diagram represents a single phase, whereas lines or phase boundaries represent the equilibrium between two phases.In the phase diagram of water, the boundary line between the solid and liquid states illustrates...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Pressure-Induced Solid-Solid Phase Transitions in Barocaloric Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals.

Samantha L Piper1, Amith Kumar Murali2, Marian Paluch2

  • 1Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Organic ionic plastic crystals show promise as eco-friendly refrigerants. High-pressure dielectric spectroscopy reveals their pressure-dependent phase transitions and hysteresis, crucial for designing better barocaloric materials.

Keywords:
barocaloricbroadband dielectric spectroscopyhigh pressureorganic ionic plastic crystalssolid-state refrigeration

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Thermodynamics
  • Solid-State Physics

Background:

  • Barocaloric (BC) materials offer a sustainable alternative to traditional gas refrigerants.
  • Understanding solid-solid phase transitions (SSTs) under pressure is key for designing effective BC materials.
  • Organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) are promising BC candidates, but their pressure-dependent phase behavior is difficult to characterize.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To utilize high-pressure broadband dielectric spectroscopy (HP-BDS) to map the phase diagrams of three OIPCs.
  • To investigate the pressure sensitivity and transition hysteresis of SSTs in OIPCs.
  • To understand the ion-dependent nature of phase transitions and hysteresis in OIPCs.

Main Methods:

  • High-pressure broadband dielectric spectroscopy (HP-BDS) was employed.
  • Isobaric cooling/heating and isothermal compression/decompression experiments were conducted.
  • The real part of the complex dielectric permittivity (ε') was monitored to detect SSTs.

Main Results:

  • The real part of dielectric permittivity (ε') effectively detects SSTs in OIPCs, linked to dipolar reorientation.
  • Direct measurements of pressure sensitivity (dTSS/dP) and transition hysteresis were obtained for three OIPCs.
  • Hysteresis behavior was found to be unique to each OIPC and strongly ion-dependent, with [C2mmor][FSI] showing lower pressure hysteresis than predicted.

Conclusions:

  • HP-BDS is a valuable tool for characterizing pressure-dependent phase behavior in OIPCs.
  • The ion structure significantly influences SSTs and hysteresis in OIPCs.
  • [C2mmor][FSI] exhibits favorable hysteresis properties, enhancing its potential as a barocaloric material.