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Related Concept Videos

Human Genetics01:28

Human Genetics

Human genetics provides a profound framework for understanding the interplay between genetic predispositions and human psychology. At the heart of this discipline lies the study of how genes influence physical traits, behaviors, and susceptibility to diseases. Each person carries a unique genetic code that subtly or significantly shapes their psychological and behavioral landscape.
The complex relationship between genetics and psychology is observable through common biological components such...
Factors Affecting Respiration01:24

Factors Affecting Respiration

Respiration is a crucial physiological function involving exchanging oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) between an organism and its environment. Various factors can impact this essential process:
Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation01:19

Factors Affecting Pulmonary Ventilation

Besides the pressure difference between the external environment and the lungs, the airflow rate and ease of pulmonary ventilation are also influenced by three other factors: surface tension of the fluid in the alveoli, compliance of the lungs, and airway resistance.
Alveolar Surface Tension
The alveolar fluid lines the luminal surface of the alveoli and exerts a force called surface tension. This force is caused by the polar water molecules in the liquid being more strongly attracted to each...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
Polygenic Traits01:18

Polygenic Traits

When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...

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Updated: Jun 21, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Interindividual variability in static apnoea performance is partly explained by genetic factors.

Anastasios Makris1, Alexandros Sotiridis1, Nickos Geladas1

  • 1Section of Sports Medicine and Biology of Exercise, School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.

Experimental Physiology
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Genetic factors significantly influence maximal apnoea duration and arterial pressure responses. This study found substantial heritability for breath-hold time and blood pressure changes during apnoea.

Keywords:
diving responseface immersionheritabilityinterindividual variabilitystatic apnoeatwin model

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Area of Science:

  • Human Physiology
  • Genetics
  • Twin Studies

Background:

  • Maximal apnoea duration and physiological responses show significant individual variability.
  • Previous research identified some gene associations with cardiovascular responses during apnoea, but heritability was unstudied.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the heritability of maximal apnoea duration and associated haemodynamic adjustments.
  • To investigate the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to individual differences in apnoea performance.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a twin study design with 12 monozygotic and 10 dizygotic twin pairs (n=44).
  • Participants performed maximal apnoeas with face immersion in cold water.
  • Heritability estimates were calculated for apnoea duration and haemodynamic variables.

Main Results:

  • Genetic factors explained 82% of the variability in maximal apnoea duration.
  • Heritability estimates for mean arterial pressure (74%) and diastolic pressure (73%) were substantial.
  • Genetic influences accounted for 77% of the variability in forced vital capacity.
  • Heritability could not be calculated for heart rate, systolic pressure, stroke volume, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance due to unmet statistical assumptions.

Conclusions:

  • A significant portion of the variability in maximal static apnoea duration and arterial pressure response is attributable to genetic differences.
  • Heritability estimates indicate a strong genetic contribution to apnoea performance, potentially involving multiple physiological systems.
  • While heritability is high, it reflects variance proportion and not biological determinism; unmeasured environmental factors may also play a role.