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Cancer burden and control in China: landscape, trends and challenges
Changfa Xia1, He Li2, Chen Wu3
1National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology
|June 19, 2026
Summary
Cancer burden in China is rising, with increasing rates of high-income country cancers and declining rates of historically prevalent ones. This review analyzes trends, risk factors, and control initiatives to address China's evolving cancer landscape.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Epidemiology
- Public Health
Background:
- China faces a significant and growing cancer burden, contributing 25% globally despite 17% of the population.
- Cancer epidemiology in China is rapidly shifting, with rising incidence of lung, breast, and prostate cancers.
- Historically prevalent cancers like gastric and liver cancer show declining trends in China.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of cancer epidemiology and temporal trends in China.
- To analyze key contributors to the evolving cancer landscape, including risk factors and healthcare.
- To assess progress and challenges in national cancer control initiatives.
Main Methods:
- Review of epidemiological data and temporal trends for major cancer types in China.
- Analysis of risk factors, screening programs, and cancer care provision.
- Evaluation of national cancer control policies and their impact.
Main Results:
- Significant increase in cancers common in high-income countries (lung, colorectal, breast, etc.).
- Substantial decline in historically prevalent cancers (esophageal, gastric, liver).
- Ongoing national cancer control initiatives since 1986.
Conclusions:
- China's cancer burden is evolving, necessitating adaptive control strategies.
- Addressing rising incidence of high-income country cancers is crucial.
- Continued efforts in prevention, screening, and treatment are vital for future cancer control.
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