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Related Concept Videos

DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation02:53

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
Transgenic Plants02:50

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Generating Transgenic Plants with Single-copy Insertions Using BIBAC-GW Binary Vector
12:08

Generating Transgenic Plants with Single-copy Insertions Using BIBAC-GW Binary Vector

Published on: March 28, 2018

Optimized R2 retroelement complexes for DNA insertion into plant genomes.

Kimberley T Muchenje1, Carl L McCombe2, Yunqing Wang1

  • 1Biology and Biological Engineering Division, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.

Nature Biotechnology
|June 19, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new R2 protein system for precise DNA insertion in plants. This method significantly improves efficiency and payload size compared to existing gene editing tools.

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

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Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Published on: April 19, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Plant molecular biology
  • Genome engineering
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Traditional Agrobacterium-mediated DNA insertion into plant genomes leads to random integration.
  • Current genetic engineering tools like nucleases and prime editors face limitations such as low efficiency, off-target effects, and restricted payload capacity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To adapt the avian Taeniopygia guttata R2 protein (R2Tg) for efficient and targeted DNA insertion into plant genomes.
  • To establish a novel R2Tg ribonucleoprotein platform for inserting large DNA payloads into plant genomes.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering R2Tg expression cassettes and RNA payloads with intron-disrupted reporters.
  • Optimizing ribosomal DNA homology arms and untranslated regions for R2Tg activity.
  • Testing the R2Tg system in various plant systems including Arabidopsis thaliana protoplasts, Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, and Solanum lycopersicum seedlings.

Main Results:

  • The R2Tg editor system successfully achieved targeted insertion of full-length DNA payloads ranging from 2.2 kb to 5 kb in different plant tissues.
  • In Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, targeted integration occurred at an average of 1 copy per genome, demonstrating a 30-fold increase in efficiency over Cas9 homology-directed repair.
  • The system utilizes a multicopy genomic safe-harbor site for efficient integration of large genes.

Conclusions:

  • The R2Tg ribonucleoprotein platform offers a powerful new tool for targeted DNA insertion in plants.
  • This technology enables the efficient addition of multikilobase genes into plant genomes, overcoming previous limitations in payload size and efficiency.
  • The R2Tg system represents a significant advancement in plant genome engineering, with potential applications in crop improvement and genetic research.