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Related Concept Videos

Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview

Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired molecule. These three...

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Engineering Oxidation-Responsive Polymeric Self-Assembled Nanoreactors for Enhanced Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)

Ying Yang1, Suzhen Wang1, Yuzhe Ma1

  • 1School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai200444, China.

Biomacromolecules
|June 20, 2026
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Enzyme-loaded polymersomes act as nanoreactors that protect enzymes from oxidative stress. These nanoreactors enhance enzyme activity for treating inflammation-related diseases like osteoarthritis.

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Expression and Purification of Nuclease-Free Oxygen Scavenger Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase

Published on: November 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Enzyme Engineering

Background:

  • Enzyme biocatalysis shows promise for mitigating oxidative stress.
  • Enzymes' stability and activity are compromised by harsh microenvironments, limiting applications.
  • Oxidative stress is implicated in various inflammatory diseases, including osteoarthritis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize oxidation-responsive polymeric nanoreactors (polymersomes) for enzyme encapsulation.
  • To enhance enzyme stability and activity under oxidative stress conditions.
  • To evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of these nanoreactors for osteoarthritis treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Self-assembly of polymersomes encapsulating superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT).
  • ROS-induced membrane permeability changes triggering enzyme activation.
  • In vitro assays to assess ROS scavenging and enzyme activity.
  • In vivo studies in an osteoarthritis model.

Main Results:

  • Polymersomes demonstrated enhanced membrane permeability upon ROS stimulation.
  • Encapsulated SOD and CAT exhibited sequential and synergistic ROS elimination.
  • In vitro and in vivo assessments showed significant improvement in osteoarthritis therapeutic outcomes.
  • The nanoreactors proved biocompatible and versatile for inflammation-related diseases.

Conclusions:

  • Rational design of oxidation-responsive polymersome nanoreactors offers a protective and activatable platform for enzymes.
  • This approach overcomes enzyme instability issues in oxidative environments.
  • The developed nanoreactors show significant therapeutic potential for osteoarthritis and other inflammation-related diseases.