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Related Concept Videos

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques01:16

2D NMR: Overview of Homonuclear Correlation Techniques

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy (COSY) is a powerful technique used in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to study the correlations between nuclei of the same type within a molecule. It provides information about scalar couplings between adjacent nuclei, which helps determine connectivity and structural information. There are several COSY variants, each with its unique strengths and experimental parameters.
COSY90 is the standard two-dimensional (2D) COSY experiment that...
2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)01:06

2D NMR: Homonuclear Correlation Spectroscopy (COSY)

Homonuclear correlation spectroscopy, or COSY, is a 2-dimensional NMR technique that provides information about coupled protons. Typically, the geminal and vicinal coupling are observed. For example, consider the COSY spectrum of ethyl acetate, where its 1D proton NMR spectrum is plotted along the vertical and horizontal axes with their corresponding chemical shift scale. Three spots on the diagonal corresponding to the three peaks in the 1D proton spectrum are called diagonal peaks. The COSY...
2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)01:19

2D NMR: Heteronuclear Single-Quantum Correlation Spectroscopy (HSQC)

Heteronuclear single-quantum correlation spectroscopy (HSQC) is a 2D NMR technique that reveals one-bond correlations between hydrogen and a heteronucleus. The HSQC experiment is similar to the heteronuclear correlation experiment (HETCOR) but is more sensitive. In the HSQC spectrum, the proton chemical shift is plotted on the horizontal F2 axis, while the 13C chemical shift is plotted on the vertical F1 axis. The corresponding proton and 13C spectra are also shown. The HSQC contour plot does...
2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques01:18

2D NMR: Overview of Heteronuclear Correlation Techniques

Heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy is an analytical technique that investigates the coupling between different types of nuclei, often a proton and an X-nucleus, such as carbon-13 or nitrogen-15. This method is commonly used in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to gain insights into complex chemical compounds' structural and compositional aspects. A typical heteronuclear correlation spectrum displays X-nucleus chemical shifts on one axis and a proton spectrum on the other axis.
Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse.
Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives01:26

Spectroscopy of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Infrared spectroscopy is primarily used to determine the types of bonds and functional groups. In carboxylic acid derivatives, a typical carbonyl bond absorption is observed around 1650–1850 cm−1. For esters, the absorption is recorded at around 1740 cm−1, while acid halides show the absorption at about 1800 cm−1. Another acid derivative, the acid anhydrides, exhibit two carbonyl absorption around 1760 cm−1 and 1820 cm−1, arising from the symmetrical and unsymmetrical carbonyl vibration.
In the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells
14:12

Dual-Color Fluorescence Cross-Correlation Spectroscopy to Study Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Dynamics in Live Cells

Published on: December 11, 2021

EXPRESS: Current Status and Trends of Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS).

Yeonju Park, Sujin Lee, Isao Noda

    Applied Spectroscopy
    |June 20, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This review surveys two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) research from 2023-2025, highlighting innovations in theory, applications, and methodology. It also addresses improper usage to ensure scientific rigor in this dynamic field.

    Keywords:
    2D-COSTwo-dimensional correlationreviewspectroscopysurvey

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    Area of Science:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Materials Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Biophysics

    Background:

    • Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) is a powerful technique for analyzing complex spectral data.
    • Recent advancements have expanded its capabilities and applications across various scientific disciplines.
    • Ensuring methodological rigor and correct application is crucial for reliable scientific outcomes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a comprehensive survey of 2D-COS research dissemination from July 2023 to February 2025.
    • To systematically review new theoretical concepts, applications, and publications in the field.
    • To critically assess and address instances of improper 2D-COS usage and citations.

    Main Methods:

    • Systematic literature review of books, reviews, tutorials, and patent applications.
    • Analysis of emerging theoretical frameworks and practical applications.
    • Critical evaluation of reported methodologies and citation practices.

    Main Results:

    • Significant innovations in probe integration, chemometric data analysis, and technical methodologies were identified.
    • Expanding applications of 2D-COS in materials science, environmental monitoring, and biological systems were documented.
    • Instances of improper usage and citations were critically examined to promote methodological rigor.

    Conclusions:

    • 2D-COS research demonstrates dynamic growth, increasing refinement, and multi-disciplinary diversification.
    • Innovations in methodology and data analysis are enhancing the technique's utility.
    • Addressing improper usage is essential for maintaining the integrity and advancing the field of 2D-COS.