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Related Concept Videos

Path Between Thermodynamics States01:21

Path Between Thermodynamics States

Consider the two thermodynamic processes involving an ideal gas that are represented by paths AC and ABC in Figure 1:
Thermodynamic Systems01:06

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or the environment. The system and its environment can exchange heat and do work on each other through a boundary that separates them. However, the immediate surroundings of the system interact with it directly and therefore have a much stronger influence on its behavior and properties.
Consider an example of  tea boiling in a kettle. The tea and...
Thermodynamic Potentials01:26

Thermodynamic Potentials

Thermodynamic potentials are state functions that are extremely useful in analyzing a thermodynamic system. They have dimensions of energy. The four important thermodynamic potentials are internal energy, enthalpy, Helmholtz free energy, and Gibbs free energy. These thermodynamic potentials can be expressed using two of the following variables: pressure, volume, temperature, and entropy. These two variables are expressed as the rate of change of the thermodynamic potential with respect to other...
Thermodynamic Processes01:25

Thermodynamic Processes

A thermodynamic process is a path through a sequence of states that takes a system from an initial state to a final state. In a cyclic process, the system returns to its initial state, so the changes in state properties and state functions (ΔT, Δp, ΔV, ΔU, ΔH) over one complete cycle are zero. However, heat and work transfers can still occur during the cycle, and the net heat and net work over the cycle need not be zero.A reversible process occurs when the system is infinitesimally close to...
Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity01:10

Thermodynamics: Chemical Potential and Activity

The effective concentration of a species in a solution can be expressed precisely in terms of its activity. Activity considers the effect of electrolytes present in the vicinity of the species of interest and depends on the ionic strength of the solution. The activity of a species is expressed as the product of molar concentration and the activity coefficient of the species.
The thermodynamic equilibrium constant is more accurately defined in terms of activity rather than concentration.
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts
08:15

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts

Published on: February 7, 2017

Enthalpy-Driven Topological Programming of (TPMS)-Like Carbon Networks.

Jiacheng Ma1, Zhengwang Liu2, Pengyuan Zhu1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P. R. China.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|June 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a new method to control pore structure in materials using bond enthalpy. This allows for precise tuning of electromagnetic and thermal properties in advanced porous carbons for shielding and insulation applications.

Keywords:
(TPMS)‐like porous carbonenthalpy‐driven topological programmingmicrowave absorptionthermal insulation aerogel

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DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers
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DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Published on: October 25, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Temperature-programmed Deoxygenation of Acetic Acid on Molybdenum Carbide Catalysts
08:15

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Published on: February 7, 2017

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers
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DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

Published on: October 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Controlling pore topology in porous carbons is crucial for advanced material functions.
  • Current methods face limitations in predictable molecular design for electromagnetic and thermal applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an enthalpy-driven topological programming paradigm for precise control over porous carbon architectures.
  • To enable predictable electromagnetic attenuation and coupled thermal functions through designed pore structures.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the bond enthalpy of N-N' fragments to steer self-propagating reconstruction of coordination frameworks.
  • Engineered (TPMS)-like bicontinuous architectures with impedance-matched, multi-scattering pathways.
  • Optimized cobalt-embedded nitrogen-doped carbon (Co@1,2,3,4-NC) for electromagnetic and thermal performance.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a minimum reflection loss of -53.97 dB and an effective absorption bandwidth of 7.84 GHz at 15 wt% loading.
  • Demonstrated integrated electromagnetic shielding and thermal insulation in an ultralight, hydrophobic aerogel.
  • Showcased suppression of heat transport via intensified phonon scattering across hierarchical boundaries.

Conclusions:

  • The enthalpy-driven topological programming paradigm offers a transferable route to engineer multifunctional porous materials.
  • This approach bridges thermodynamic principles with topological control for designing materials with tailored properties.
  • The developed method enables precise control over bicontinuous porous networks across various material chemistries.