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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent – the...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Sequential Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Transformations Generate Polymer Polymorphs.

Anu Lal1, Kozhukunnon Mridula1, Mithun C Madhusudhanan2

  • 1School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|June 20, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers achieved controlled access to polymer polymorphs via sequential single-crystal transformations. A peptide monomer underwent spontaneous polymerization and a subsequent polymorphic transition, yielding distinct polymer structures from one crystal.

Keywords:
click chemistrypeptide polymerspolymorphismsingle‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystaltopochemical reaction

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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

Published on: February 4, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Obtaining structurally defined polymer polymorphs is difficult due to the rarity of polymer single crystals.
  • Controlling polymer structure at the atomic level requires well-defined crystalline precursors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate sequential single-crystal transformations for controlled polymer polymorph synthesis.
  • To investigate the regioselectivity and polymorphic transitions of a peptide monomer undergoing topochemical azide-alkyne cycloaddition (TAAC).

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to analyze crystal structures and transformations.
  • Computational modeling to understand reaction mechanisms and regioselectivity.
  • Thermal analysis to induce and study polymorphic transitions.

Main Results:

  • A peptide monomer crystal spontaneously polymerized via single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SCSC) transformation to form a 1,4-triazolyl-linked polymer, defying expected 1,5-linkage.
  • Large-amplitude rotations of azide and alkyne groups were identified as key to the unexpected regioselectivity.
  • A subsequent rare SCSC polymorphic transition was induced by heating, yielding a second polymer polymorph with different chain packing and mechanical properties.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential SCSC transformations offer a novel route to access distinct polymer polymorphs from a single monomer crystal.
  • The study highlights the potential of precise control over polymerization regioselectivity and solid-state structural evolution.
  • This approach provides a pathway to engineer polymer materials with tailored properties through controlled crystalline transformations.