5D and 6D bio-printed cellulose for neural tissue regeneration: advancement in next generation precision therapy

Traumatic and neurodegenerative damage to the neural tissue is a topical medical problem because the regenerative ability of the central nervous system is low, and the structural system is rather complex. The established treatments and scaffold constructions tend to lack adequate biointegration, electric direction or prolonged stability necessary to restore the brain effectively. In an attempt to mitigate the challenges associated with nacre, this paper discusses why integration of 5D bioprinting with cellulose biomaterials has the potential to be used in regenerating neural tissue. Anatomical models of cortical and spinal architecture (via multi-angular and adaptive bioprinting and an AI-assisted model (digital twin) allowed the formation of scaffolds containing anatomical models with controlled cell orientation and increased synaptic connectivity. These aspects are due to the biocompatibility of Cellulose, mechanical tunability, and the ability to coexist with conducting polymers, including PEDOT: PSS, which enabled electroactive properties and increased biosensing capabilities. The findings show that it is possible to fabricate self-regulating, dynamic scaffolds that can be used to release growth factors and control stiffness to promote axonal regeneration. Nonetheless, it has inhibitory factors, including the kinetics of material degradation, serious real-time responsiveness, and scaling issues that are considerable for clinical translation. Nevertheless, despite these difficulties, promising projections of next-generation scaffold repair in neural regeneration by bioelectronics exist. Further studies can be conducted to optimise hybrid Cellulose-Electronic interfaces, AI-related predictive data modelling, and in vivo long-term validation, enabling individualised and clinically translational regenerative therapies.