Biomimicking Haloperoxidase by Two-Dimensional V₂O₅ Nanosheets for Marine Antifouling Applications

Biofouling caused by the rapid formation of microbial biofilms on submerged surfaces poses severe economic and environmental challenges for the maritime industry. Conventional antifouling coatings, such as biocidal or silicon-based, face environmental and durability limitations. To overcome these challenges, enzyme-mimicking nanomaterials (nanozymes) have emerged as promising alternatives due to their exceptional stability, cost-effectiveness, and tunable catalytic properties. In this study, we report the ability of vanadium pentoxide nanosheets (V₂O₅ NS) to mimic the activity of natural vanadium bromoperoxidase, catalysing the in-situ generation of reactive halogen species. This activity resulted in pronounced antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The haloperoxidase activity was monitored using the phenol red assay. Furthermore, incorporating V₂O₅ NS into commercial paint significantly reduced bacterial colonisation of stainless-steel substrates, demonstrating their practical application as an eco-friendly antifouling coating. These findings highlight V₂O₅ NS as a potent antifouling agent.