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Degradation of diclofenac from aqueous solution by electro-oxidation using different anode materials
Narmin Garazade1, Hilal Ilhan2, Gülay Arslan Çene3
1Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
Environmental Technology
|June 21, 2026
Summary
Platinum-titanium (Pt/Ti) anodes effectively remove the pharmaceutical pollutant diclofenac (DCF) via electro-oxidation (EO). This study optimized conditions for high DCF removal and moderate energy consumption, identifying Pt/Ti as a promising electrode material.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Chemistry
- Water Treatment Technologies
- Electrochemistry
Background:
- Diclofenac (DCF) is a persistent pharmaceutical pollutant in wastewater, posing ecological risks.
- Conventional treatment methods are often ineffective for removing DCF.
- Advanced oxidation processes, like electro-oxidation (EO), are explored for efficient pollutant degradation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the electro-oxidation (EO) of diclofenac (DCF) using different anode materials.
- To optimize operational conditions (current density, pH, concentration) for DCF removal.
- To evaluate the energy efficiency and stability of anode materials for DCF degradation.
Main Methods:
- Electro-oxidation (EO) experiments were conducted using Ti/IrO2, Pt/Ti, and MMO anodes.
- Operational parameters including current density (2-20 mA/cm2), initial pH (3.5-9), and DCF concentration (5-40 mg/L) were varied.
- Degradation performance, kinetics, and specific energy consumption (SEC) were analyzed.
Main Results:
- Platinum-titanium (Pt/Ti) anodes demonstrated the highest DCF removal efficiency (71.2%) under optimal conditions (10 mA/cm2, pH 7, 10 mg/L DCF).
- The specific energy consumption (SEC) at optimal conditions was 19.7 kWh/g DCF, indicating a balance between efficiency and energy use.
- Pt/Ti anodes showed stable performance across a wide pH range, with neutral pH being most favorable.
Conclusions:
- Pt/Ti anodes offer a feasible and stable electrode option for diclofenac (DCF) removal in electro-oxidation (EO) systems.
- Optimized EO processes using Pt/Ti anodes can achieve significant DCF degradation with moderate energy consumption.
- Further research can focus on scaling up this technology for industrial wastewater treatment.
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