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Scientific misconduct, questionable research practices, and research climate: empirical approaches to integrity
1Borys Grinchenko Kyiv Metropolitan University, 18/2 Bulvarno-Kudriavska Str., Kyiv, 04053, Ukraine. serhii.nazarovets@gmail.com.
Research Integrity and Peer Review
|June 21, 2026
Summary
This review shows how scientific misconduct and questionable research practices are measured. Current methods often miss routine issues, focusing instead on severe violations and perceived prevalence.
Area of Science:
- Research integrity
- Scientific misconduct
- Questionable research practices (QRPs)
Background:
- Scientific misconduct research increasingly uses a systemic perspective.
- Focus is on research climate, supervision, and organizational conditions.
- Previous research has not synthesized how these issues are measured.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine the empirical operationalization of misconduct and QRPs.
- To analyze concepts, instruments, and methods in perception- and climate-oriented research.
- To understand how integrity problems are made measurable.
Main Methods:
- PRISMA-guided scoping review.
- Synthesis of 229 survey- and interview-based studies (2016-2025).
- Focus on measurement rather than prevalence estimation.
Main Results:
- Aggregate harm is typically inferred, not explicitly defined.
- Measurement frameworks overemphasize severe violations.
- Routine, relational, and structural practices are inadequately captured.
- Methodological choices influence empirical visibility of integrity risks.
Conclusions:
- Current measurement approaches have limitations in capturing the full spectrum of integrity issues.
- There is a need for methods integrating individual perceptions with institutional factors.
- Improved assessment of integrity risks requires more comprehensive measurement strategies.
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