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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation: Surgical Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial in Postamputation Pain
03:26

Targeted Muscle Reinnervation: Surgical Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial in Postamputation Pain

Published on: March 8, 2024

Outcomes Following Targeted Muscle Reinnervation in Pediatric Amputations: A Systematic Review.

Martin J Giuffre1,2, Alexander Platt1,2, Cynthia K Kahl1,2

  • 1From the Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) in pediatric amputees effectively resolves neuroma and phantom limb pain (PLP), improving prosthetic use and reducing narcotic dependence. Further research with standardized measures is recommended.

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Area of Science:

  • Surgical Innovation
  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Targeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) is established for adults with amputation to reduce neuroma and phantom limb pain (PLP).
  • The efficacy of TMR in pediatric amputees is not well-defined.
  • This systematic review examines TMR outcomes in children and adolescents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of TMR in pediatric amputees.
  • To assess pain reduction, prosthetic utilization, and complication rates following TMR in young patients.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic review adhering to PRISMA guidelines was conducted.
  • Searched databases included PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, and Google Scholar for studies on TMR in patients under 18.
  • Outcomes assessed included neuroma/pain resolution, pain scores (NRS), PROMIS scores, prosthetic use, narcotic use, and complications.

Main Results:

  • Six retrospective studies involving 16 pediatric amputees were analyzed.
  • 100% resolution of neuroma and overall pain was observed.
  • Mean NRS scores for residual limb pain and PLP were 2.0 and 3.7, respectively.
  • PROMIS scores indicated outcomes comparable to adult TMR studies.
  • Nine of 12 patients achieved prosthetic use, and 10 of 11 narcotic users discontinued use.
  • Complications occurred in 12.5% of patients and were resolved after revision.

Conclusions:

  • TMR appears to be a beneficial intervention for pediatric amputees.
  • It may effectively reduce neuropathic pain, facilitate prosthetic adoption, and decrease medication reliance.
  • Further prospective studies employing standardized outcome measures are necessary to confirm these findings.