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Related Concept Videos

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-kB-dependent Signaling Pathway

The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
NF-κB-dependent Signaling Mechanism
The heterodimer of NF-κB...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Overview of Exosomes01:36

Overview of Exosomes

Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR activation may...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
10:09

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

Published on: June 2, 2020

Encapsulation of Exosomal Volatile Organic Compounds for Modulating the NF-κB Pathway in Monocytes.

Dina Hashoul1, Rand Shibel1, Haya Dahamshy-Silawi2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, TechnionIsrael Institute of Technology, Haifa 320003, Israel.

ACS Bio & Med Chem Au
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exosomes can modulate immune responses. Encapsulating VOCs like 2-butanone in nanoparticles reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine production in monocytes, suggesting therapeutic potential.

Keywords:
NF-κBVOCscommunicationexosomesimmunomodulationinflammationliposomes

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment
10:09

Characterization of Immune Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles and Studying Functional Impact on Cell Environment

Published on: June 2, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Immune cell communication relies on cytokines and other molecules.
  • Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are increasingly recognized for their biological effects.
  • The NF-κB signaling pathway is crucial for immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of VOCs on the NF-κB signaling pathway in monocytes.
  • To explore the potential of VOCs as modulators of immune responses.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized U937 monocyte cell line and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing to create NFKB1-/- monocytes.
  • Analyzed VOC signatures of exosomes from stimulated and unstimulated cells.
  • Encapsulated specific VOCs (e.g., 2-butanone) in liposomes for targeted delivery.

Main Results:

  • Exosomes exhibited unique VOC signatures upon LPS stimulation.
  • 2-butanone-encapsulated liposomes significantly reduced NF-κB activation in monocytes.
  • Treatment with 2-butanone-loaded liposomes decreased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1, IL-1β).

Conclusions:

  • VOCs can influence monocyte behavior and immune signaling.
  • Targeted delivery of VOCs via nanoparticles offers a strategy to modulate NF-κB pathway.
  • These findings suggest novel therapeutic avenues for inflammatory conditions.