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Related Concept Videos

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying DNA...
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Epigenetic Regulation01:46

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Analysis of Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance in C. elegans Using a Fluorescent Reporter and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
10:28

Analysis of Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance in C. elegans Using a Fluorescent Reporter and Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)

Published on: May 5, 2023

Two SID-1-dependent genes sensitive to heritable epigenetic changes can also impact reproduction.

Aishwarya Sathya, Nathan M Shugarts Devanapally, Andrew L Yi

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 22, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary

    Extracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) import influences transgenerational gene expression in C. elegans. This study identifies SID-1-dependent genes (SDGs) and reveals that SDG-1 and SDG-2 impact reproduction and germline morphology across generations.

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    Published on: January 16, 2015

    Area of Science:

    • Epigenetics and Transgenerational Inheritance
    • Molecular Biology
    • Genetics

    Background:

    • Extracellular double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) import into the germline can induce heritable changes in gene expression.
    • The transmembrane protein SID-1 facilitates dsRNA entry into the cytosol, and its absence leads to persistent gene expression alterations.
    • The specific roles of SID-1-dependent genes (SDGs) in transgenerational regulation remain largely uncharacterized.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify and analyze additional SID-1-dependent genes (SDGs) involved in transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
    • To investigate the function and localization of two germline-expressed SDGs, SDG-1 and SDG-2, in C. elegans.
    • To explore the reproductive consequences and potential mechanisms of SDG-1 and SDG-2 regulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Expanded identification of SID-1-dependent genes (SDGs).
    • Generation and analysis of endogenous SDG-1::mCherry and SDG-2::mCherry fusion proteins in C. elegans.
    • Phenotypic analysis of knockout mutants (sdg-1, sdg-2) and fusion protein strains, including brood size, progeny count, and germline morphology.
    • Subcellular localization studies of SDG-1::mCherry and SDG-2::mCherry proteins.

    Main Results:

    • Deletion of sdg-1 or sdg-2 reduced brood size in specific lineages.
    • SDG-1::mCherry localized to nuclei, germ granules, and microtubules, and its presence affected progeny count and germline morphology.
    • Transgenerational effects of SDG-1::mCherry were observed in siblings lacking the sdg-1 gene.
    • SDG-2::mCherry was detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus, and its structure suggests interaction with TRA-1, a regulator of spermatogenesis.
    • Both SDG-1 and SDG-2 appear to influence reproductive capacity.

    Conclusions:

    • SDG-1 and SDG-2 play significant roles in C. elegans reproduction and germline integrity.
    • The observed phenotypes and localization patterns suggest complex regulatory functions for SDG-1 and SDG-2.
    • SID-1-mediated import of extracellular dsRNA or other SID-1 functions regulating SDGs may modulate the long-term impacts of ancestral epigenetic changes.