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Related Concept Videos

Speciation Rates01:07

Speciation Rates

Speciation can proceed at markedly different rates, and evolutionary biologists commonly describe these differences through the models of gradualism and punctuated equilibrium. Both patterns explain how new species arise, but they differ in the tempo and continuity of evolutionary change. In both cases, evolutionary change arises from heritable variation within populations, with natural selection often shaping traits that improve survival and reproduction under specific environmental conditions.
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
In contrast, regions which code...
Convergent Evolution01:54

Convergent Evolution

Evolution shapes the features of organisms over time, ensuring that they are suited for the environments in which they live. Sometimes, selection pressure leads to the rise of similar but unrelated adaptations in organisms with no recent common ancestors, a process known as convergent evolution.The structures that arise from convergent evolution are called analogous structures. They are similar in function even if they are dissimilar in structure. Further, structures can be analogous while also...
Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are characterized.
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
11:14

Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

Published on: November 7, 2018

Reconciling fast Hepatitis B evolutionary rates with ancient co-divergence.

Philippe Lemey, Xiang Ji, Bram Vrancken

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 22, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evolutionary rates were estimated using a novel Bayesian model, revealing a decline over time. This reconciles viral spread with human migration, offering insights into prehistory and pathogen diversity.

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    Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
    04:11

    Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

    Published on: December 15, 2023

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection
    11:14

    Detection of Low Copy Number Integrated Viral DNA Formed by In Vitro Hepatitis B Infection

    Published on: November 7, 2018

    Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA
    04:11

    Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction-Based Detection and Quantification of Hepatitis B Virus DNA

    Published on: December 15, 2023

    Area of Science:

    • Virology
    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Computational Biology

    Background:

    • Estimating Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evolutionary rates and divergence times is challenging due to conflicting calibration methods and significant rate variation.
    • Ancient and modern HBV genomic data hold potential for understanding viral evolution and human history.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop a Bayesian mixed-effects molecular clock model that addresses rate variation, including time-dependent decay.
    • To reconcile HBV divergence estimates with human migration events across different timescales.
    • To provide insights into human prehistory and the processes shaping pathogen diversity using ancient viral genomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a Bayesian mixed-effects molecular clock model incorporating time-dependent rate decay.
    • Analyzed ancient and modern HBV genomic data.
    • Performed phylogeographic reconstructions to trace viral dispersal patterns.

    Main Results:

    • Identified a significant decline in HBV evolutionary rates over time.
    • Reconciled HBV divergence estimates with human migration events, including Neolithic farming and steppe expansions.
    • Showcased HBV spread into Europe linked to human migration patterns.
    • Demonstrated Neolithic-associated lineage dispersal at ~1 km/year.
    • Revealed genotype D expansion during the Bronze Age at a higher rate, linked to steppe expansions.
    • Identified recombination between lineages leading to genotype E formation in Africa.

    Conclusions:

    • Ancient viral genomes analyzed with advanced models offer a powerful tool for studying human prehistory.
    • The study reconciles viral evolution with human migration, providing a new perspective on pathogen diversity.
    • HBV spread patterns parallel proposed origins of Indo-European languages, linking viral and human demographic history.