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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy

The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
Central to the gray matter is...
Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature01:16

Vertebral Column: Regions and Curvature

The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
Regions of the Vertebral Column
In an adult, the spine is subdivided into five regions: the cervical, the thoracic, the lumbar, the sacral, and the coccygeal region. The spine initially develops as a series of 33 vertebrae; after 20 years of age, the nine bones in the sacral region, five sacral, and four coccygeal bones fuse to form the...
Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
The Spinal Cord01:54

The Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
Spinal Cord01:26

Spinal Cord

The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
11:50

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: February 4, 2022

Charting Cervical Spinal Cord Morphometry Across the Lifespan.

Kurt G Schilling, Michael E Kim, Matthew Amandola

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |June 22, 2026
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents the first lifespan charts for cervical spinal cord morphometry, revealing age- and sex-specific growth and decline patterns. These charts offer normative references for interpreting spinal cord measurements in clinical settings.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

    A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    11:50

    A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging

    Published on: February 4, 2022

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroimaging
    • Human Anatomy
    • Developmental Neuroscience

    Background:

    • Spinal cord morphometry is crucial for neurological health assessment.
    • Clinical interpretation is limited by inter-subject variability and lack of lifespan normative data.
    • Existing data lacks comprehensive, age- and sex-specific references across the human lifespan.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To create the first comprehensive lifespan charts for cervical spinal cord morphometry.
    • To establish normative references for spinal cord dimensions and shape across all ages (0-100).
    • To provide a tool for differentiating typical variations from pathological changes in spinal cord MRI.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized 30 population-based MRI datasets (78,269 scans, 41,042 individuals, ages 0-100).
    • Employed a contrast-agnostic deep learning method for segmenting cervical spinal cord (C1-C7).
    • Extracted morphometric measures (CSA, AP/RL dimensions, shape indices) and modeled normative trajectories using GAMLSS.

    Main Results:

    • Generated non-linear lifespan trajectories for cervical spinal cord morphometry.
    • Identified peak maturation in early-to-mid adulthood (e.g., CSA in mid-30s), followed by gradual decreases.
    • Quantified significant regional variations, sex differences (males > females for size), and coupling with brain development/aging.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed lifespan charts provide a robust normative framework for spinal cord morphometry.
    • Enables age- and sex-specific centile scoring, enhancing clinical interpretation of spinal cord MRI.
    • Offers a critical resource for research in neurodevelopment and neurodegeneration.