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Normal Reference Values for Testicular Volume in Adult Somali Men: A Retrospective Study.

Khalid Abdukadir Osman1,2, Abdulfatah Hassan Maqul2,3, Abdullahi Abdi Farah2,4

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Mogadishu University, Mogadishu, Somalia.

Research and Reports in Urology
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study establishes the first ultrasound-based reference intervals for testicular volume in adult Somali men, improving diagnostic accuracy. It also determined the minimal detectable difference for asymmetry, crucial for accurate male reproductive health assessments.

Keywords:
Somaliaandrologysub-Saharan Africatesticular volumeultrasonography

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Area of Science:

  • Andrology
  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Medical Imaging

Background:

  • Testicular volume is a key indicator of male reproductive and endocrine health.
  • Population-specific reference values are essential, as global benchmarks may lead to misdiagnosis.
  • No prior ultrasound-derived normative data existed for Somali men.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Establish ultrasound-derived reference intervals for testicular volume in adult Somali men.
  • Determine the Minimal Detectable Difference (MDD) for testicular asymmetry.
  • Develop a prediction equation for contralateral testicular volume.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 212 sonographically normal Somali men (ages 18-84).
  • Testicular volumes calculated using the standard ellipsoid formula.
  • Statistical analyses included percentile-based reference intervals and Cohen's d for cross-population comparisons.

Main Results:

  • Mean testicular volumes: 10.61±3.07 mL (right) and 10.19±3.02 mL (left).
  • 95% reference intervals: 5.7-18.0 mL (right) and 5.2-17.0 mL (left).
  • Minimal Detectable Difference (MDD) for asymmetry was 4.1 mL; significant differences noted compared to other populations.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first Somali-specific ultrasound benchmarks for testicular volume.
  • Implementing these intervals and the MDD enhances diagnostic accuracy in andrological assessments.
  • Prevents misdiagnosis by avoiding the use of non-representative global norms.