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Characterizing The Compound Extreme Temperature And Pm2.5 Pollution Events: A Multi-country Analysis.

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Characterizing The Compound Extreme Temperature And Pm2.5 Pollution Events: A Multi-country Analysis.

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Characterizing the Compound Extreme Temperature and PM_2.5 Pollution Events: A Multi-Country Analysis.

Deyang Chen¹, Mustafa Zahid², Minghao Qiu^1,3

¹School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA.

|June 22, 2026

View abstract on PubMed

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Compound extreme heat and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution events declined globally. However, cold and PM2.5 pollution events showed varied trends, posing significant risks, especially in populated regions like India and China.

Keywords:

PM2.5 air quality climate change compound events extreme temperature health effect

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Atmospheric Science
Public Health

Background:

Climate change and air pollution present compound environmental risks.
Spatiotemporal patterns of extreme temperature and air pollution events are not well understood globally.

Purpose of the Study:

To quantify global trends and spatial distributions of compound extreme temperature and PM2.5 pollution events from 2003-2023.
To analyze the relationship between temperature extremes and PM2.5 concentrations across different regions.

Main Methods:

Analysis of 10,067 monitor locations in 43 countries.
Quantification of temporal trends and spatial distributions of compound events.
Sensitivity analyses using alternative thresholds and datasets.

Main Results:

Compound extreme heat and PM2.5 events decreased in most countries (35/43).
Compound extreme cold and PM2.5 events exhibited diverse trends globally.
PM2.5 concentrations during cold conditions were higher in China, India, and Europe; during hot conditions in the USA and Australia.
India, Pakistan, and China showed disproportionately higher exposure to compound events.

Conclusions:

While heat-related compound events are decreasing, cold-related events remain significant.
Regional variations in temperature-PM2.5 relationships influence event prevalence.
Policies should address temperature-dependent emissions to mitigate amplified pollution during extreme temperatures.