Biological Applications of Functionalized Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

The rapid expansion and advancement of nanotechnology have presented potential applications in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. In recent years, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO₂ NPs) have been extensively studied and applied in biological systems due to their unique physical and chemical properties, such as high antioxidant activity, enzyme-mimicking activity and good biocompatibility. This review summarizes the latest research progress of functionalized CeO₂ NPs in anti-cancer activity, anti-infection, anti-inflammation, antioxidant activity, wound healing, neuroprotection and imaging applications. It explores their mechanisms of action and potential clinical application prospects, as well as the concerns about toxicity and safety.