Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age01:27

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...
Regression Toward the Mean01:52

Regression Toward the Mean

Regression toward the mean (“RTM”) is a phenomenon in which extremely high or low values—for example, and individual’s blood pressure at a particular moment—appear closer to a group’s average upon remeasuring. Although this statistical peculiarity is the result of random error and chance, it has been problematic across various medical, scientific, financial and psychological applications. In particular, RTM, if not taken into account, can interfere when researchers try to extrapolate results...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Cross-Sectional Research01:50

Cross-Sectional Research

In cross-sectional research, a researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time. If they were interested in people's dietary habits, the researcher might directly compare different groups of people by age. Instead of following a group of people for 20 years to see how their dietary habits changed from decade to decade, the researcher would study a group of 20-year-old individuals and compare them to a group of 30-year-old individuals and a group of 40-year-old...
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Protease activities and casein proteolysis in raw and pasteurized bovine milk under neutral and acidic conditions.

Journal of dairy science·2026
Same author

Understanding salt diffusion in dairy-based systems: A model approach using rennet-coagulated micellar casein concentrates.

Journal of dairy science·2026
Same author

Tackle Height and Tackle Success-An Analysis of 52,204 Tackle Events.

European journal of sport science·2025
Same author

Contact load practices and perceptions in elite English rugby league: an evaluation to inform contact load guidelines.

South African journal of sports medicine·2024
Same author

Influence of β-casein genotype on physicochemical properties and functionality of bovine milk.

Journal of dairy science·2023
Same author

Optimal bipolar system positioning to provide information about the trapezius activity associated with scapular retraction during shoulder exercises for resistance training.

Physiological measurement·2022
Same journal

The relationship between perceived motivational climate and psychological well-being among adolescent handball players.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same journal

Physical fitness as a predictor of health-related quality of life in children.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same journal

An empirical evaluation of stakeholders perceptions towards coach education in Oman: effectiveness, barriers, and privatization.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same journal

The attitude-behavior gap and the role of infrastructure availability in waste sorting at mass sport events in Vietnam.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same journal

A qualitative programme evaluation of New Era, a mentorship programme for women leaders in sport.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
Same journal

Self-compassion and psychological well-being in collegiate athletes: the mediating role of resilience and the moderating role of self-efficacy.

Frontiers in sports and active living·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

Relative age effects in Rugby union and Rugby league: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

P R Brustio1,2, S Cobley3, A N Ungureanu2,4

  • 1Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.

Frontiers in Sports and Active Living
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Relative Age Effects (RAEs) significantly impact rugby, with males showing stronger RAEs than females. These effects are more pronounced in younger age groups and at higher competition levels, highlighting disparities in youth rugby.

Keywords:
RAEcompetition levelrelative ageselection biassex differencestalent identificationyouth sport

More Related Videos

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials
12:11

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

Published on: April 27, 2021

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
10:08

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field
06:52

An Inertial Measurement Unit Based Method to Estimate Hip and Knee Joint Kinematics in Team Sport Athletes on the Field

Published on: May 26, 2020

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials
12:11

Objectively Assessing Sports Concussion Utilizing Visual Evoked Potentials

Published on: April 27, 2021

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players
10:08

Effects of a Novel Neuromuscular Training Intervention on Jump, Sprint, and Change of Direction in Adult Female Soccer Players

Published on: June 10, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Talent Identification
  • Youth Sports

Background:

  • Relative Age Effects (RAEs) are well-documented in youth sports, influencing participation and selection.
  • RAEs are prevalent in both Rugby League (RL) and Rugby Union (RU), but a quantitative synthesis across both codes was lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and meta-analyze the prevalence and magnitude of RAEs in rugby.
  • To investigate moderating factors such as sex, age, and competition level on RAEs in rugby.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search of six databases (CINAHL, Ovid, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) identified 26 eligible studies.
  • Odds ratio meta-analyses with an inverse-variance random-effects model were used to synthesize distribution data, with separate analyses by sex, age, and competition level.

Main Results:

  • Male players exhibited significant overrepresentation in the first quartile (Q1) compared to the fourth quartile (Q4) (OR = 1.99), while female players showed a smaller effect (OR = 1.15).
  • RAEs were stronger in male youth categories than senior categories (OR = 2.42 vs. 1.41) and in younger age groups (U7-U14, U15-U17) compared to older ones (U18-U20).
  • RAEs appeared larger at higher competition levels, especially in youth males (national OR = 2.76).

Conclusions:

  • Relative Age Effects are pervasive in both Rugby League and Rugby Union, affecting players across sex, age, and competition levels.
  • The magnitude of RAEs varies, being stronger in males, younger players, and at higher competitive levels.
  • Findings underscore the need for careful consideration of RAEs in talent identification and selection processes within rugby.