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Related Concept Videos

Sequences01:29

Sequences

Sequences are fundamental mathematical objects consisting of ordered lists of numbers that follow a specific rule or pattern. Sequences are critical in various mathematical concepts, including calculus, series, and number theory. They can model real-world phenomena such as population growth, financial investments, and physical processes like the diminishing height of a bouncing ball.Each number in a sequence is referred to as a term. Typically, the terms are denoted as a1, a2, a3,…, where the...
Convergence of Sequences01:26

Convergence of Sequences

A sequence is a function defined on the natural numbers that assigns a value to each index. It can be understood as an ordered list of terms generated one after another. In mathematical analysis, an important question is whether the terms of a sequence approach a single real number as the index becomes very large. When this happens, the sequence is said to converge, and the value approached is called the limit. From a graphical perspective, convergence means that the plotted terms approach a...
Introduction to Sequences01:26

Introduction to Sequences

The ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea proposed a series of paradoxes to challenge prevailing notions of motion and continuity. One such paradox imagines a man walking toward a door but only ever covering half the remaining distance with each step. This sequence of movements—first one-half, then one-quarter, then one-eighth of the total distance, and so on—forms a mathematical concept known as a geometric sequence. Each term is half of the previous one and can be written...
Arithmetic Sequences01:30

Arithmetic Sequences

An arithmetic sequence is a structured arrangement of numbers where each term is derived by adding a constant value, known as the common difference, to the previous term. This consistent pattern allows for the efficient computation of any term within the sequence as well as the cumulative sum of multiple terms. The formula for finding the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is:Here, aₙ represents the nth term of the sequence, a is the first term, d is the common difference, and n is the term...
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved DNA...
Geometric Sequences01:30

Geometric Sequences

In systems where values diminish by a constant proportion at each stage, the resulting sequence follows a geometric structure. Each new value in the sequence is obtained by applying a fixed multiplier to the preceding term. This regular, proportional decline type is often used to represent processes involving gradual loss, such as energy dissipation or reduction in amplitude over time.When analyzing the total effect of such a process across unlimited iterations, the series of values is referred...

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Developing a standard definition for sequences of concern.

Tessa Alexanian1, Jacob Beal2, Craig Bartling3

  • 1International Biosecurity and Biosafety Initiative for Science (IBBIS), Geneva, Switzerland.

Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing a standardized definition for "sequences of concern" is crucial for biosecurity. This research created a rubric and test sets to improve screening of potentially harmful nucleic acid sequences.

Keywords:
DNA synthesisbiosecuritygene synthesisnucleic acidsscreeningsequences of concernstandards

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Area of Science:

  • Biosecurity
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioeconomy Security

Background:

  • Nucleic acid synthesis is vital for the bioeconomy but poses security risks.
  • Existing biosecurity screening lacks a standardized definition for "sequences of concern."

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a standardized rubric for identifying potentially harmful nucleic acid sequences.
  • To create comprehensive test sets for evaluating biosecurity screening systems.

Main Methods:

  • Compiled 1.1 million sequences from pathogens, toxins, and other organisms.
  • Compared outputs from four biosecurity screening systems.
  • Refined sequence categorization through a science-based stakeholder review process to create a rubric.

Main Results:

  • Developed a rubric identifying sequences of concern related to pandemic viruses, low-risk genes, and toxins.
  • Initial screening systems agreed on over 80% of sequence categorizations.
  • The rubric reduced disputed categorizations by 44.3% for controlled viruses and 10.7% overall.

Conclusions:

  • The developed rubric and test sets provide a concrete definition for "sequences of concern."
  • This work offers a foundation for biosecurity screening standards and policy development.
  • Ongoing refinement of the rubric and test sets is planned.