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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Integrated Bone Formation Through In Vivo Endochondral Ossification Using Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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Published on: July 14, 2023

Injectable Composite Hydrogels Orchestrating Macrophage Reprogramming and Chondrogenesis to Promote

Meng Zhang1, Changshun Huang1, Minghui Wang2,3

  • 1School of Radiology, Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China.

Advanced Healthcare Materials
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces an injectable hydrogel that uses chlorogenic acid and kartogenin to reprogram inflammation and boost stem cell differentiation, significantly improving articular cartilage repair after microfracture.

Keywords:
cartilage repairchlorogenic acidinjectable hydrogelkartogeninmacrophage reprogrammingmicrofracture

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3D Hydrogel Scaffolds for Articular Chondrocyte Culture and Cartilage Generation
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Published on: October 7, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Articular cartilage repair is challenging, with microfracture (MF) often yielding suboptimal fibrocartilage with poor durability.
  • Post-injury inflammation and impaired bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) chondrogenesis hinder effective cartilage regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an injectable, thermosensitive composite hydrogel for sequential delivery of therapeutic agents to promote cartilage regeneration.
  • To create a pro-regenerative microenvironment by modulating inflammation and enhancing chondrogenic differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a composite hydrogel from dopamine-modified hyaluronic acid and Pluronic F127, incorporating chlorogenic acid (CA) and kartogenin (KGN)-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles.
  • In vitro evaluation of macrophage reprogramming, BMSC chondrogenic differentiation, and matrix synthesis/degradation under inflammatory conditions.
  • In vivo assessment of the hydrogel's efficacy in a rat articular cartilage defect model combined with MF.

Main Results:

  • The hydrogel demonstrated preferential release of CA to promote M2 macrophage polarization and anti-inflammatory cytokine secretion.
  • Sustained KGN release stimulated BMSC chondrogenic differentiation, enhancing cartilage matrix synthesis and reducing degradation.
  • Combined hydrogel and MF treatment significantly improved cartilage regeneration in vivo, showing smooth defect filling and organized ECM deposition.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synergistic immuno-chondroregenerative hydrogel platform effectively overcomes limitations of MF by modulating the inflammatory microenvironment and promoting chondrogenesis.
  • This approach offers a promising strategy for functional articular cartilage regeneration.