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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

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Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

Selective Elimination of Autoreactive B Cells Using Multivalent Polyisocyanopeptide-Based Antigen-Toxin Conjugates.

K R Venrooij1, M J van Weijsten1, S Kroos2

  • 1Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6525 AJ, The Netherlands.

Biomacromolecules
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New polymer-drug conjugates selectively target and eliminate autoreactive B cells in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This targeted approach offers a promising alternative to systemic immune suppressors, reducing infection risks for RA patients.

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Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (KaAPC) for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells
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HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant
08:52

Generation of Multivirus-specific T Cells to Prevent/treat Viral Infections after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant

Published on: May 27, 2011

Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (KaAPC) for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells
08:12

Killer Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells (KaAPC) for Efficient In Vitro Depletion of Human Antigen-specific T Cells

Published on: August 11, 2014

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Drug Delivery

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease causing chronic inflammation and joint damage.
  • Current RA treatments using systemic immune suppressors carry a high risk of infection.
  • Autoreactive B cells producing anticitrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are key drivers of RA pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the targeted elimination of autoreactive B cells in RA using novel antigen-toxin conjugates.
  • To investigate the efficacy of polyisocyano peptide (PIC) polymers as delivery vehicles for targeted RA therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Development of multivalent citrullinated antigen (CCP4) conjugates with cleavable linkers and toxins.
  • Evaluation of conjugate toxicity against ACPA B cell receptor (BCR)-expressing cell lines.
  • Optimization of CCP4 density and toxin ratios on PIC polymer scaffolds.

Main Results:

  • Initial conjugates (diCCP4-VCP-MMAE) showed insufficient toxicity.
  • Polyisocyano peptide (PIC) 13-based conjugates demonstrated potent and selective toxicity against ACPA BCR-expressing cells.
  • Optimized PIC 13 conjugates achieved low nanomolar IC50 values and showed efficacy in patient-derived B cells.

Conclusions:

  • Polyisocyano peptide (PIC)-based antigen-toxin conjugates are a promising strategy for selectively eliminating autoreactive B cells in RA.
  • Optimizing delivery modules and toxin ratios is crucial for developing effective targeted therapies.
  • This approach offers a potential alternative to systemic immunosuppression for RA treatment.