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Related Concept Videos

Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes01:09

Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes

In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal complexes depends primarily on the complexing ability of the central metal ion and the nature of the ligands. Generally, the complexing ability of the metal ion depends on the size and charge of the ion. As the metal ion size increases, the stability of the metal complexes decreases, provided that the valency of the metal ion and the ligands remain...
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)

Published on: December 29, 2016

Overcoming Charge-Carrier Localization in Metal Chalcohalides.

Bembe C Mackintosh1, Marcello Righetto1,2, G Krishnamurthy Grandhi3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers overcame charge-carrier localization in perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs) by chemically tuning metal chalcohalides. This enhances their potential as efficient, lead-free solar absorbers for next-generation solar cells.

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Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
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Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Combining Solid-state and Solution-based Techniques: Synthesis and Reactivity of Chalcogenidoplumbates(II or IV)
10:42

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Published on: December 29, 2016

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Solid-State Physics
  • Photovoltaics

Background:

  • Effective charge-carrier transport is crucial for advanced thin-film solar cells.
  • Perovskite-inspired materials (PIMs), such as metal chalcohalides, are promising lead-free solar absorbers.
  • Charge-carrier localization hinders transport properties in many PIMs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To understand and overcome charge-carrier localization in metal chalcohalides.
  • To explore chemical substitution strategies for improving PIMs.
  • To establish structure-property relationships for enhanced solar energy harvesting.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesized and characterized mixed-metal chalcohalides (A2BCh2X3) with varying A-site cations.
  • Investigated lattice symmetry changes (e.g., monoclinic P21/c to orthorhombic Cmcm).
  • Measured charge-carrier dynamics using time-resolved photoconductivity measurements.

Main Results:

  • Chemical substitution shifted lattice symmetry from monoclinic P21/c (Pb2SbS2I3) to orthorhombic Cmcm (Sn2SbS2I3).
  • Pb2SbS2I3 exhibited rapid charge-carrier localization (picoseconds).
  • Sn2SbS2I3 demonstrated suppressed localization and longer-lived nanosecond photoconductivity.

Conclusions:

  • Higher lattice symmetry and electronic dimensionality in Sn2SbS2I3 suppress charge-carrier localization.
  • Facile chemical tuning of metal chalcohalides can overcome localization issues.
  • This work provides a pathway for developing efficient PIM absorbers for solar cells.