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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding01:25

Strategies for Assessing and Addressing Confounding

Confounding is a critical issue in epidemiological studies, often leading to misleading conclusions about associations between exposures and outcomes. It occurs when the relationship between the exposure and the outcome is mixed with the effects of other factors that influence the outcome. Given that, addressing confounding is of high importance for drawing accurate inferences in research.
Confounding can be addressed at both the design phase of a study and through analytical methods after data...
Persuasion Strategies01:52

Persuasion Strategies

Researchers have tested many persuasion strategies, including the foot-in-the door and the door-in-the-face techniques, in a variety of contexts. Ultimately, the principles are effective in selling products and changing people’s attitude, ideas, and behaviors (Cialdini & Goldstein, 2004).
Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques VI01:30

Stress Prevention and Stress Management Techniques VI

Adopting a healthier lifestyle often requires overcoming significant challenges, but leveraging psychological, social, and cultural resources can facilitate meaningful change. Effective self-change hinges on understanding and applying key tools such as motivation and goal setting, which help sustain efforts toward long-term health benefits.
Motivation and Self-Determination
Motivation, the driving force behind behavior, plays a pivotal role at every stage of the change process. The research...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
06:39

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

Published on: August 28, 2017

Proximal and Long-Term Participants' Perspectives on Approach Bias Modification for Smoking Cessation: Qualitative

Alla Machulska1, Johanna Bück1, Esra Sünkel1

  • 1Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Department of Psychology, University of Siegen, Siegen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

JMIR Human Factors
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Approach bias modification (ApBM) for smoking cessation shows positive long-term subjective experiences, with participants understanding its mechanisms and suggesting improvements. This highlights the importance of clear rationale for better intervention development.

Keywords:
approach bias modificationcognitive bias modificationlong-term outcomesmobile appqualitative analysissmoking cessationsubjective experiencesvirtual reality

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 23, 2026

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements
06:39

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

Published on: August 28, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science
  • Clinical Intervention

Background:

  • Approach bias modification (ApBM) targets maladaptive approach tendencies toward substance cues.
  • It is increasingly studied as an adjunctive therapy for substance use disorders, including nicotine dependence.
  • Participant subjective experiences are crucial for ApBM effectiveness but are under-researched.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore proximate and long-term subjective training experiences with ApBM for smoking cessation.
  • To compare experiences across virtual reality and smartphone app modalities.
  • To compare ApBM experiences with those from sham training conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Participants provided feedback immediately post-intervention and up to 7 weeks later (proximate).
  • Long-term feedback was collected 4 years post-intervention.
  • Thematic analysis and quantitative analyses compared ApBM and sham conditions.

Main Results:

  • Four themes emerged: perceived treatment effects, mechanisms of action, training experience feedback, and attribution of effects.
  • Participants reflected on mechanisms, outcomes, and intervention improvements.
  • ApBM group participants suggested more improvements and reported higher overall satisfaction and perceived effectiveness compared to the sham group.

Conclusions:

  • This study offers novel, multi-year insights into subjective experiences of ApBM for smoking cessation.
  • Understanding the training rationale is critical for intervention effectiveness.
  • Incorporating participant perspectives is vital for developing and evaluating ApBM interventions.