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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
Creative Thinking01:25

Creative Thinking

Creative thinking encompasses innovative and unconventional methods for addressing challenges, often leading to groundbreaking solutions. Instead of focusing solely on enhancing existing systems, such as increasing smartphone battery capacity, creative thinking might inspire advancements like energy-efficient batteries or processors that minimize power consumption. This multidimensional approach underscores the importance of exploring novel pathways to innovation.
Divergent thinking is the...
Critical Thinking01:19

Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves reflective and productive thinking and the evaluation of evidence. Critical thinkers seek to understand the deeper meaning of ideas, question assumptions, and make independent decisions about what to believe or do. Scientists, for instance, are often critical thinkers. Critical thinking also requires humility about what we know and don't know and the motivation to look beyond the obvious. It is essential for effective problem-solving.
Colleges and universities are...
Critical Thinking II01:25

Critical Thinking II

Critical thinking is a cognitive process with several attributes. The attributes of critical thinking include the following:

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Related Experiment Videos

A Reproducible Survey-Scoring And C5.0 Decision-Tree Workflow For Classifying Self-Reported Higher-Order Thinking In

Xueyan Zhao1, Pu Song2, Mengmeng Zhong3

  • 1School of Educational Science, Yili Normal University.

Journal of Visualized Experiments : Jove
|June 22, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a reproducible workflow using C5.0 decision trees to classify higher-order thinking (HOT) in college students using generative artificial intelligence (AI). The model identified key factors influencing HOT but requires further validation as a screening tool.

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Educational Technology
  • Artificial Intelligence in Education
  • Data Science in Education

Background:

  • Generative artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in higher education necessitates transparent methods for analyzing learner data.
  • Existing approaches lack standardized procedures for scoring and organizing survey data related to AI use in academic settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a reproducible survey-scoring and C5.0 decision-tree workflow for classifying self-reported higher-order thinking (HOT) among college students using generative AI.
  • To demonstrate a protocol for learner profiling in AI-supported educational environments.

Main Methods:

  • A C5.0 decision-tree workflow was developed for classifying higher-order thinking (HOT) based on survey data.
  • The protocol included participant recruitment, data collection, response screening, score calculation, and model construction.
  • A dataset of 776 undergraduate students in China was used for demonstration, with HOT operationalized as a self-reported questionnaire score.

Main Results:

  • The C5.0 model identified eight key learner variables influencing HOT, including AI anxiety, trust, smartphone use, procrastination, academic performance, upbringing, emotions, and attitudes.
  • The model achieved 89.52% accuracy on the training subset and 86.21% on the testing subset.
  • Class-specific evaluation revealed weaker recall for the 'Low-HOT' class compared to the 'High-HOT' class.

Conclusions:

  • The developed workflow provides an interpretable, auxiliary tool for survey-based learner profiling in generative AI contexts.
  • The model's uneven performance necessitates caution, suggesting it as a demonstration rather than a validated screening tool.
  • This protocol supports researchers needing repeatable procedures for analyzing learner data in AI-integrated education.