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Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning solutions-based oral cancer screening and detection: A scoping review
Hanif Abdul Rahman1, Amirul Ariffin Noraidi1, Jagjit Singh Dhaliwal2
1Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah (PAPRSB), Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam; School of Digital Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Brunei Darussalam.
Background:
Oral cancer is a significant global health burden, with early detection crucial for improving outcomes. Traditional screening methods are often subjective and time-consuming, relying heavily on clinician expertise. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have emerged as promising tools, leveraging deep learning and image analysis to enhance diagnostic accuracy and automate screening processes.
Objectives:
This scoping review evaluates AI/ML technologies for oral cancer detection, focusing on classification, segmentation, and early diagnosis. It also assesses AI's role in risk prediction, treatment planning, and prognostic modeling.
Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted across multiple databases, prioritizing peer-reviewed studies on AI/ML techniques for oral cancer screening. Key models analyzed include Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNNs), and ensemble learning, applied to intraoral images, histopathology slides, and fluorescence visualization.
Results:
AI-driven fluorescence visualization demonstrates 98.0% sensitivity and 92.7% specificity, surpassing conventional methods. Deep learning-based histopathology analysis improves risk stratification in oral leukoplakia, while cloud-based AI models enhance accessibility. Hybrid approaches and explainable AI frameworks show promise in reducing diagnostic variability. Notably, AI matches or exceeds pathologist accuracy in lesion classification, with immunohistochemical AI tools improving tumor marker detection. Challenges include limited datasets and algorithmic bias, but ongoing advancements in multi-institutional collaborations are addressing these gaps.
Conclusion:
AI/ML technologies significantly improve oral cancer screening, yet further validation is needed for clinical integration. Future efforts should prioritize interpretability, ethical considerations, and real-world implementation to maximize impact on patient outcomes.
